CHAPTER IV 

 Suborder Jugatae 



small-winged jugates 



In Stainton's time and even until Comstock's work on 

 wing venation in 1893 the small-winged Jugates were usually 

 associated with the other very small Lepidoptera of leaf- 

 mining habits under the old, comfortably inclusive de- 

 nomination of "Tineina." Stainton speaks of these forms 

 as " allied to Tinea." Still, in the light of the present dis- 

 position of the group, his further remark is interesting. He 

 says, "the similarity of the neuration of the anterior and 

 posterior wings, analogous to what we find in Nepticula, is 

 curiously accompanied by a shortness of antennae in both 

 these genera; strange, too, that both peculiarities are given 

 combined in Hepialus." Herrich SchafTer, in his Schmetter- 

 linge von Europa removed them entirely from the position 

 they had held among the Tineina and placed them as a 

 distinct group, Micropterygina, at the very end of the 

 Lepidoptera. 



It remained for a later worker (J. H. Comstock) to add 

 the weight of further evidence from the study of venation, 

 before either of these suggestions were generally heeded; 

 but now the Micropterygidae are associated with the 

 Hepialidae, and in a separate suborder, not only from the 

 Tineina, but from all other known Lepidoptera. They are 

 also at the "end of the Lepidoptera/ ' but it is the more 

 primitive end. They may therefore be considered first. 



The characters which distinguish these, the Jugatae, from 

 all the rest, the Frenatae, are "the jugum" for interlocking 

 the wings in flight, the fact that the fore and hind wings are 



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