CHAPTER V 

 Suborder Frenatae 1 



Leaf-mining larvae occur in some seventeen families of 

 this suborder in our fauna, but in only seven of them (the 

 ones marked with an * below) do they occur in any consider- 

 able numbers. 



Incurvariidae Gelechiidae 



*Nepticulidae *Lavernidae 



*Tischeridae Ypnomentidae 



*Lyonetidae Glyphipterygidae 



*Gracilaridae Helodinidae 



*Coleophoridae Tortricidae 



Cycnodidae Pyralidae 



Douglassidae Noctuidae 



*Heliozelidae 



The first two of these families include the smallest of the 

 Micro-lepidoptera, and the most primitive members of this 

 suborder. 



Stjperfamily Incurvarioidea 



family incurvariidae 



There is in this family in America a single well known leaf- 

 mining species, called the maple case-bearer (Parademensia 

 acerifoliella). It infests the sugar maple, and in the "sugar- 

 bush" of the northeastern United States and adjacent areas 

 of Canada, it is often so abundant as to do serious injury. 

 It has been known since Asa Fitch described it as a leaf- 

 cutter in his first report on New York, Insects (1856). It is 



1 Dr. Martin Hering (1926) states that certain of the European macro- 

 lepidoptera, Zygaenidae and Hesperidae mine leaves. He mentions in 

 particular Larentia incultaria H. S. which makes a large blotch mine in the 

 leaves of Primula. 



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