SUPERFAMILY TINEOIDEA 97 



etia, Leucoptera, Proleucoptera and Bedellia. The mines 

 of most species of this family are at first narrow and linear. 

 That of Lyonetia clerckella, Clerck's Apple Miner of Europe, 

 continues to be linear until the end, but most species in late 

 larval life expand their mines into blotches. A few make 

 blotch mines even at the beginning. The larvae consume 

 nearly all the tissue between the upper and lower cuticles 

 including much of the fibrovascular system. The amount 

 of frass is very large and it accumulates in the mines of 

 most of the species, making them appear as blackish or 

 brownish lines or spots. Some of the species take pains to 

 avoid contact with their frass by extruding it through holes 

 in the cuticle and the mines of such species are clean and 

 transparent. 



The eggs of most species, so far as known, are said to be 

 laid on the surface of the leaves of the host plants. 



In form the larvae are less depressed than are many of 

 the lepidopterous larvae whose whole feeding period is spent 

 in the mine. In Bedellia somnulentella and Proleucoptera 

 smilaciella, at least, the front does not reach the vertical 

 triangle and the body is cylindrical with moderate inci- 

 sions. In these species the ocelli have a rather peculiar 

 arrangement, for the first and second are nearly contiguous 

 and the second, third and sixth form a vertical row in front 

 of the fifth. The thoracic legs are present and segmented 

 and a complete uniserial circle of uniordinal crochets is 

 borne by the prolegs of segments 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the abdo- 

 men. Leucoptera spartifoliella of Europe differs from the 

 American species in that the front does reach the vertical 

 angle and that the crochets of the ventral prolegs are in a 

 double instead of a single row in the caudal half of the circles 

 (Fracker, 1913). Some species are said to use lateral mam- 

 millations of the segments as organs of progression as do 

 Phyllocnistis larvae. 



The pupae of the Lyonetiidae represent a transition stage 



