SUPERFAMILY CYNODIOIDEA 153 



Heliozela 



In the introductory chapter (p. 24) we have spoken of 

 the habits of Heliozela aesella, interesting because they in- 

 volve both gall-making and gall-consuming, along with case 

 bearing. Of the larvae of the genus Heliozela known in 

 Europe, H. stanella first mines in the thickened petioles of 

 oak leaves and afterwards passes up into the leaf blade 

 where it makes a mine and cuts out a case. H. kammoniella 

 mines in the twigs of oak at first and then passes through the 

 petiole and into the leaf-blade. Two species, H. sericiella 

 and H. resplendella first mine down the midrib of a leaf and 

 then turn up the edge of the leaf and make a blotch mine. 

 In these instances the blotch is hardly more than big enough 

 to make the case. They pupate in their cases on the 

 ground. 



Antispila 



Members of this genus show a marked preference for host 

 plants of the vine and dogwood families. The mines are 

 blotched from the beginning. The larvae have been ob- 

 served to plot out their cases first by covering with silk an 

 oval patch of the floor and then a counter-placed oval patch 

 of the ceiling of the mine. The larva cuts the pieces out by 

 swinging the head from side to side, first depressed and then 

 elevated. The convex edges are brought together and 

 sewed with only a few moorings of silk to keep the case on 

 the leaf until all is ready. Dropping with the case to the 

 ground, they either remain on the surface or penetrate with 

 the case a very short way into the soil for pupation. The 

 shape of the case varies slightly with the species. 



The larvae are slightly broader and flatter than in the 

 other genera of this family. The head is strongly depressed 

 and the front extends to the vertical angle. 



Several species of Antispila mine the leaves of grape. 

 One of these A. viticordifoliella is figured. 



