SUPERFAMILY YPONOMEUTOIDEA 173 



the habits of this species, whose larvae hatch in autumn 

 and remain inactive until spring. Then the young cater- 

 pillars assemble among the tender leaflets of an opening 

 apple bud and bore into the parenchyma "beginning at the 

 edge usually near the apex of a leaf. As many as a dozen 

 insects may exist as a colony within the pulpy substance 

 of a single leaf. Within a few days after their entrance, the 

 leaves turn reddish at the points of injury, and those more 

 severely mined may wither and die. Toward the end of 

 the time of blossoming, the caterpillars cease to burrow and 

 feed openly on the leaves 1. c, p. 62). 



GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE 



In this family but one of our northeastern species is re- 

 ported to be a leaf-miner, and that one only when a young 

 larva. It feeds on everlastings (Antennaria and Gnaphal- 

 ium in Compositae). It leaves the mine and thereafter 

 lives "in a sticky web mixed with frass" (Forbes, 1923). 

 A number of larvae gather together to spin their cocoons. 



FAMILY HELIODINIDAE 



In this family also a native species, Cycloplasis pani- 

 cifoliella, is reported to be a leaf -miner. It feeds on Panicum 

 clandestinum. Dr. Brackenridge Clemens thus describes 

 its habits. 



The larva makes at first a long, threadlike mine from the base 

 of a grass leaf to its tip and then down along one side to about the 

 middle of the leaf where it makes an irregular blotch. When it 

 is full-fed it cuts out a case but this is made from a perfectly circu- 

 lar disc of the upper surface only of the mine. This disc it folds 

 along the diameter, sewing the semicircular edges together from 

 the inside. Case and larva then fall to the ground where the larva 

 attaches the case for pupation. It feeds in late June and early 

 July and emerges as an adult by the end of the month. 



