270 



LEAF-MINING INSECTS 



efforts to produce a broad linear mine on the leaf, which 

 is confined more or less between the larger parallel veins of 

 the leaf. The entire contents of the leaf is eaten out includ- 

 ing the parenchyma and the palisade cells leaving only the 

 upper and lower epidermis. This being transparent gives 

 the mine a whitish or pale green color. When mature the 

 mine becomes marked about its edges with a conspicuous 



Fig. 87. Mine of Parallelomma species? on Solomon's seal. 



reddish margin. Little or no frass can be found within the 

 mine. The puparia are formed outside the mine and the 

 exit holes of the larvae are evident in the upper epidermis of 

 the leaf. 



FAMILY ANTHOMYIIDAE 



The leaf -mining forms of calyptrate Diptera are included 

 in the family Anthomyiidae. They are all moderately 



