Collette and Gillis: Osteological differences between two species of Crammatorcynus 



43 



other Scomberomorini (Fig. 26). They were most often 

 hnked with Acanthocybium and then with species of 

 Scomheromorus . 



Based on both adult and larval morphological char- 

 acters and Lewis' electrophoretic data, Gramma- 

 torcynus is clearly more advanced than the mackerels 

 (Scombrini) and less advanced than the higher scom- 

 brids. Collette at al. (1984: fig. 312) placed it between 

 Gasterochisma and the Scombrini on the one hand, and 

 the more advanced Scomberomorini, Sardini, and 

 Thunnini on the other hand. Collette and Russo 

 (1985a, b) used Grammatorcynus as the primary out- 

 group in assessing relationships of the species of 

 Scomberomorus. In his reappraisal of scombroid rela- 

 tionships, Johnson (1986: fig. 1 and p. 38-39) placed 

 Grammatorcynus in its own tribe, Grammatorcynini, 

 above the Scombrini, as the sister group of higher 

 scombroids, which included the Sardini (including 

 the Thunnini), Scomberomorini, Acanthocybiini, and 

 billfishes. 



Grammatorcynus bilineatus (Ruppell, 1836) 

 Double-lined or scad mackerel 



Thynnus bilineatus Riippell 1836:39-40 (original 

 description. Red Sea), pi. 12, fig. 2. Giinther 1860: 

 366-367 (description). Klunzinger 1871:443 (Red 

 Sea). Meyer 1885:270 (Celebes). 



Grammatorcynus bilineatiis. Gill 1862:125 (T. biline- 

 atus type species of new genus). Kishinouye 1923: 

 413-415 (description, anatomy; Ryukyu and Marshall 

 Is.), fig. 10 (skeleton); pi. 16, fig. 8 (transverse section 

 of vertebrae; pi. 34, fig. 62 (drawing). Hardenberg 

 1935:137-138 (description; W Java Sea). Okada 

 1938:170 (E. Indies, Red Sea; nijiyo saba). Morice 

 1953:36-40 (anatomy; after Kishinouye 1923). 

 Schultz 1960:411-412 (description; Bikini, Marshall 

 Is.). Kuronuma 1961:16 (listed, Vietnam). Lewis 

 1968:51 (Eniwetok, Marshall Is., infested with para- 

 sitic copepod Caligus asymmetricus). Collette 1983: 

 715-716 (distinguished from G. bicarinatus), fig. lA. 

 Collette and Nauen 1983:39-40 (description, range, 

 fig.). Collette et al. 1984:608 (fig. 326, larva after 

 Nishikawa 1979), 618 (larvae). McPherson 1984 

 (color pattern in Queensland, fig.). Masuda et al. 

 1984: 224-225 (description); color pi. 220A. Collette 

 and Russo 1985a:141-144 (outgroup for Scombero- 

 morus). Collette and Russo 1985b (anatomy, osteol- 

 ogy, figures, comparisons with Scomberomorus). 

 Allen and Russell 1986:101 (Scott Reef, NW Austra- 

 lia). Grant 1987:362-363 (scad mackerel; Queens- 

 land; color photo 769). Allen and Swainston 1988: 

 144 (Dampier Archipelago northwards, NW Austra- 

 lia), 145 (color painting 966). Bauchot et al. 1989: 

 657 (large brain, encephalization index of 226). 



Zug et al. 1989:14 (Rotuma I.). Randall et al. 

 1990:443 (description, range), color plate VIII-14 

 (painting). 



Nesogrammus piersoni Evermann and Seale 1907 

 (original description; Bulan, Sorsogon Province, 

 Luzon, Philippine Is.); pi. 1, fig. 3. 



Grammatorcynus bicarinatus not of Quoy and Gai- 

 mard 1825. Herre 1931:33 (Balabac and Jolo, Philip- 

 pine Is.). Fraser-Brunner 1950:156 (synonymy), fig. 

 25. Umali 1950:9 (Zamboanga and Jolo, Philippine 

 Is.). Warfel 1950:18 (Philippine Is.), fig. 13 (draw- 

 ing of fish, gill arch, and liver). Wade 1951:456-458 

 (8 larvae, 8.5-17.5 mm; Philippine Is.), fig. 2 (8.5mm 

 specimen), fig. 3 (17.5 mm specimen), de Beaufort 

 1951:215-216 (description, synonymy), fig. 36. 

 Herre 1953:248 (synonymy). Dung and Royce 1953: 

 168-169, table 97 (morphometric data on 17 speci- 

 mens 408-580 mm FL, western Marshall Is.). Matsu- 

 bara 1955:519 (2 lateral lines; range), fig. 222B. 

 Munro 1958b:262-263 (New Guinea region records; 

 CSIRO C492, New Hanover, examined). Jones et 

 al. 1960:136 (Ross I., Port Blair, Andaman Is.). 

 Collette and Gibbs 1963a: 25 (monotypic genus). 

 Collette and Gibbs 1963b:27 (description), pi. 7. 

 Jones and Silas 1963:1781 (synonymy, Indian Ocean 

 references, range). Silas 1963:811-833 (description, 

 synonymy, synopsis of biological data). Kamohara 

 1964:34 (Miyako-jima, Ryukyu Is.). Jones and 

 Kumaran 1964:364-365, figs. 70-71 (larvae, after 

 Wade 1951). Jones and Silas 1964a:16, 18 (descrip- 

 tion, synonymy, range), pi. 4, fig. (449mm female 

 from Port Blair, Andaman Is.). Jones and Silas 

 1964b:258 (in key; Andaman Is.). Gorbunova 1965: 

 55 (references to Wade 1951 and Silas 1963). Tong- 

 yai 1966:6 (in key), 17 (pi. 1, outline fig. of specimen 

 from Phuket I.). Kamohara 1967:43 (description). 

 Munro 1967:197-198 (description of G. bicarinatus; 

 New Guinea specimens are G. bilineatus). Ben- 

 Tuvia 1968:35 (Entedibir Is., Red Sea), fig. 3g. 

 Ben-Yami 1968:40 (schools probably occur in region 

 of Sahlak Archipelago, southern Red Sea). Jones 

 1968:998 (occur in catches in Andaman area). Jones 

 1969:26 (Laccadive Archipelago, India). Tongyai 

 1970:558 (Thai common names; Indian Ocean coast 

 of Thailand). Tongyai 1971:3-5 (description. Thai 

 common names. Thai distribution). Shiino 1972:70 

 (common names). Richards and Klawe 1972:72 

 (references to larvae). Gushiken 1973:49 (color 

 photograph of 60 cm specimen from Okinawa). Helf- 

 man and Randall 1973:151 (Palau; common names 

 mokorokor and biturturch). Magnuson 1973:350 

 (correlation of size, pectoral fin length, and presence 

 of swim bladder). Lewis et al. 1974:83,87 (Bismarck 

 Archipelago, Papua New Guinea). Springer et al. 

 1974:40 (Indonesia). Romimohtairo et al. 1974:35 



