44 



Fishery Bulletin 90(l|. 1992 



(Gamber Bay, Gag I., Indonesia). Gorbunova 

 1974:26 (fig. 2, after Wade 1951). Orsi 1974:174 

 (listed, Vietnam). Masuda et al. 1975:256 (color 

 photograph F), 79 (description; Okinawa southward). 

 Cressey 1975: 216 (parasitic copepod Shiinoa occlusa 

 from nasal cavity of a specimen from N. Celebes). 

 Kailola 1975:235 (5 collections from Papua New 

 Guinea). Uyeno and Fujii 1975:14 (table 1, com- 

 parison of caudal complex with other scombrids). 

 Fourmanoir and Laboute 1976:183 (description; New 

 Caledonia), color photograph. Shiino 1976:229 (com- 

 mon names). Anonymous 1977:15 (table 4, Baga- 

 man I., Louisiade Archipelago, Papua New Guinea). 

 Klawe 1977:2 (table 1, range). Collette 1979:29 

 (characters, range). Ceng and Yang 1979:472-473 

 (description; Sisha Is., South China Sea), fig. 335. 

 Yamakawa 1979:43 (Miyako-jima, Ryukyu Is., after 

 Kamohara 1964). Joseph et al. 1979:38 (range, fig- 

 ure). Nishikawa 1979:125-140 (early development; 

 62 postlarval and juvenile specimens, mostly from 

 Papua New Guinea). Shirai 1980:64 (description, 

 Ryukyu Is.), color photograph. Cressey and Cressey 

 1980:46 (parasitic copepod fauna: Shiinoa occlusa 

 and Caligus asymmetricus). Rau and Rau 1980: 

 512-513 (description, Philippine Is.). Jones and 

 Kumaran 1981:581-582 (description; Laccadive 

 Archipelago), fig. 494. Wang 1981:161 (listed; S. 

 China Sea). Johannes 1981:156-157 (biology, 

 Palau). Lewis 1981:13 (species B, scad; maximum 

 size 60cm FL, 3 kg), photograph. Kyushin et al. 

 1982:249 (description, common name nijo-saba), color 

 photograph (specimen from Milne Bay, New Guinea). 

 Cressey et al. 1983:238 (systematic position of 

 genus), 264 (parasitic copepod fauna; 4 species of 

 Caligus added). Lewis et al. 1983:7 (table 2, 203 

 specimens, 380-630 mm FL; Fiji). Wass 1984:31 

 (Fiji; common name "namuauli"). Masuda et al. 

 1984:224-225 (description, Japan), pi. 220A. Gillett 

 1987:20 (caught by Satawal tuna fishermen, central 

 Caroline Is.). Nishikawa and Rimmer 1987:5 (larval 

 description; fig. 5, larva, postlarva, and juvenile from 

 Nishikawa 1979). Dyer et al. 1989:65 (monogenean 

 Caballerocotyla sp. from Okinawa specimen). Riva- 

 ton et al. 1989:67 (listed. New Caledonia). 



Grammatorcynnus (sic) bicarinatus not of Quoy and 

 Gaimard 1825. Roux-Esteve and Fourmanoir 

 1955:201 (Abulat I., Red Sea). 



Grommatorcynus (sic) bicarinatus not of Quoy and 

 Gaimard 1825. Zhang 1981:302 (description of 3 

 larvae, Sisha Is., South China Sea; fig. 1, 6.4mm 

 larva). 



Grammatorcynos (sic) bilineatus. Myers 1988:168 

 (listed, Mariana Is.). Myers 1989:254 (description; 

 range), underwater photo 134A, 280 (listed; Caroline, 

 Mariana, and Marshall Is.). 



Diagnosis Grammatorcynu^ bilineatus has more gill 

 rakers (18-24 vs. 12-15), a larger eye (4.1-6.0% vs. 

 3.1-4.6% FL), lacks black spots on the lower sides of 

 its body, and does not reach as large a size (max. 

 600mm FL) as G. bicarinatus. 



Description Dorsal spines 11-13, usually 12; rays 

 10-12, usually 11; finlets 6, rarely 7 (Table 4). Anal fin 

 with one spine, 11-13, usually 12 rays; 6 finlets, rare- 

 ly 5 or 7 (Table 5). Pectoral fin rays 22-26, usually 24 

 or 25 (Table 6). Gill rakers on first arch 18-24, usually 

 21, X 20.8 (Table 3). Upper jaw teeth 14-37, x 23.5 

 (left), 24.5 (right) (Table 2); lower jaw teeth 12-32, 

 X 18.6 (left), 19.1 (right) (Table 2). Morphometric data 

 summarized in Table 1. 



Grammatorcynus bilineatus has a longer neuro- 

 cranium (14-16% FL vs. 13%), longer parasphenoid 

 flanges (18-21% of neurocranium length vs. 14%), 

 higher maximum number of teeth on the upper (37 vs. 

 25) and lower (32 vs. 23) jaws, higher posterior expan- 

 sion of the maxilla (8-11% of maxilla length vs. 6-8%), 

 longer quadrate process (134-145% of quadrate length 

 vs. 122-125%), wider first postcleithrum (55-62% of 

 length vs. 46-52%), narrower ethmoid (19-21% of 

 length vs. 25-28%), narrower vomer (13-15% of length 

 vs. 16-18%), narrower lachrymal (27-30% of length vs. 

 30-35%), shorter teeth (up to 4% of dentary length vs. 

 up to 6%), narrower palatine tooth patch (26-32% of 

 length vs. 38-42%), narrower opercle (63-72% of 

 length vs. 72-79%), and the shelf between the post- 

 temporal processes is hidden behind the flat posterior 

 portion of the bone. 



Color In life, the back is bright pale green, the upper 

 sides and belly silvery, and there are no black spots on 

 the belly as there are in G. bicarinatus (Grant 1987: 

 363). Underwater, it is reported to display a distinc- 

 tive white patch on the caudal peduncle (McPherson 

 1984). There are color photographs of fresh specimens 

 from Japan (Masuda et al. 1975:256, Shirai 1980:64), 

 New Caledonia (Fourmanoir and Laboute 1976:183), 

 South China Sea (Kyushin et al. 1982:249), and 

 Australia (Grant 1987: fig. 769). An underwater photo- 

 graph has been published from Micronesia (Myers 1989: 

 photo 134A). There is a color painting in Randall et al. 

 1990 (pi. VIII-14). 



Size Maximum size is about 63cm FL, 3.3kg weight 

 (Lewis et al. 1983). Maturity seems to be attained at 

 about 40-43 cm FL (Silas 1963, Johannes 1981, Lewis 

 et al. 1983). 



Biology The best summary of biological information 

 on G. bilineatus is Silas (1963). It is an epipelagic 

 species found mostly in shallow reef waters where it 



