NOTE Safford and Booke: Stock delineation of Clupea harengus harengus 



209 



phenotypic differences are most likely due primarily 

 to differences in environmental conditions during 

 development, and therefore will not be reliable in- 

 dicators of stock identity. Further, if all measurable 

 phenotypic characters are distributed similarly to those 

 in the present study and Ryman et al. (1984), then the 

 use of phenotypic characters to distinguish herring 

 groups may be proscribed, as the large within-group 

 variation would mask the subtler between-group 

 differences. 



These ideas need to be incorporated into current her- 

 ring management policy. The results show that in- 

 dividuals from discrete spawning groups can not be 

 reliably identified off the spawning grounds. Therefore, 

 the contribution of each spawning group to various 

 fisheries cannot be estimated. These results also sug- 

 gest that the demise of a single spawning ground will 

 not adversely affect the underlying genetic structure 

 of the herring population, as few unique genes should 

 be found exclusively within a spawning location. How- 

 ever, small discrete spawning grounds are apparently 

 necessary to support a large population. Small spawn- 

 ing grounds may be necessary for appropriate spawn- 

 ing behavior or to ensure proper conditions for the 

 larvae. Therefore, until the relationship between dis- 

 crete spawning grounds and a healthy herring popula- 

 tion is understood, management policy should include 

 the maintenance of existing spawning grounds. 



Acknowledgments 



The authors thank Pamela Mace (Fisheries and Oceans, 

 Canada) and the captain and crew of the FV Bamegat 

 (Gloucester, MA) for field collection assistance, as well 

 as three anonymous reviewers whose comments 

 strengthened the paper. This work was supported by 

 a two-year stipend to S. Safford from the Massachu- 

 setts Division of Marine Fisheries and additional funds 

 from the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and 

 Wildlife and The Masssachusetts Co-operative Re- 

 search Unit of Fisheries and Wildlife Biology. 



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