THE FARM AND GARDEN 



Ol^GHAI^D AND SMALL Fl^UIliS 



The Marlboro Raspberry, originated by Messrs. 

 A. .1. Caywooil & Son, illusirated above, i-; 

 elainieil to be the u'realest aeqiiisitioii introilueed 

 in many years. We hope it may prove equal 

 to the expectations. Tlie jilant is as strong and 

 vigorous as the Cuthbert. Hardy when the mer- 

 eury goes to 20° below Zero. Very productive ; 

 fruit of large size, bright red color. 



FBOITS FOB FABMERS. 



Hy .Siunufl C. Moon, MorrisviUt:, Bucks Co., Pa. 



Within the last few years there has been much 

 more attention given to tlie proper stocking of 

 farms witli fruit' trees and plants, than was for- 

 merly done. Still there is room for improvement 

 in this important respect. Many farmer's fami- 

 lies are not as well supplied with fresh fruits as 

 persons in similar circumstances are, who live in 

 the cities. One of the essential requisites of a 

 "JirsI clii.ix" farm is to be furnished with orchards 

 which will produce an abundance of fresh fruit 

 for all wlio live upon it, all the year round. 



Tliis mucli sliould be done at least, for the 

 economy, convenience, health and luxury of tlie 

 farmer's family. But a good orchard (and it 

 need not be a large one) if properly managed will 

 do more than this. If the surplus fruit is gath- 

 ered and utilized to liest advantage, it will return 

 considerable money into the treasury. 



It requires but a small crop of fruit to pay for 

 the value of land whieli the trees occupy. We 

 have before expressed the idea in this paper, but 

 would repeat it : — " That the judicious and taste- 

 tul planting of fruit and ornamental trees enhan- 

 ces the value of real estate more than an equal 

 amount of money invested in any other way." 



■The necessary requisites for success in fruit 

 culture are: — To select the varieties best adapted 

 to the locality ; to secure good young trees or 

 plants; to plant them in good soil, about as deep 

 as they stood in the nursery ; to kee]i the ground 

 clean and in good order ; to preserve them from 

 injurv bv insects. 



Tliere are varieties nf all the fruits which will 

 thrive on almost any kind of soil. It is necessary 

 for a planter to aseert!iin which varieties are best 

 suited to his soil and situation, plant them care- 

 fully, give them a little subsequent care and 

 attention, and keep the ground clean and in good 



6 Quinces, plant 10 feet apart. Champion, 

 Reas Mammoth, Orange or Apple. 



Peaches, plant 12 trees every other year, 16 

 feet apart, or between the j-j^iiple trees, but never 

 plant peaches twice on the same land. 



Plant Grape vines eight feel apart, all around 

 the barns and other buildings, the southern and 

 western exposures are the favorite locations. 

 Telegraph, Hartford Prolific, Brighton, Wilder 

 (Roger's No. 4), Concord, Martha, Diana, Wor- 

 den, Lady Washington, Agawam, Catawba, 

 Clinton. If the vines are to be neglected and 

 they must shift for tliemselves, as is too often the 

 case, Concord and Clinton will be the most likely 

 to succeed. 



2 Grafted Chestnut trees, plant 40 feet apart. 

 " Nunibo" tlie large improved European variety. 



12 Currants, plant 5 feet apart. Cherry, Red 

 Dutch, Fay's Prolific new. 



12 Gooseberries, plant 5 feet apart. American, 

 Clu.ster and Downing's. 



50 Raspberries, jilant 4 feet apart. Cuthhert, 

 Red ; Gregg, Black Cap. 



25 Blackberries, plant 6 feet apart. Wilson's 

 Early, Kittatinny and Missouri Mammoth. 



200 Strawberries, plant li feet apart. 25 Cres- 

 cent, 50 Manchester, 60 Sharpless, 25 Charles 

 Downing, 25 Wilson's Albany, 25 Kentucky. 



100 As|)aragus Roots, plant 2 feet apart. 



Remember that all kinds of fruit need good 

 land and frequent manuring. 



OBCHABD INSECTS.-No. 4. 

 Bi/ Ell Mliu-li, Shiloh, X. J. 



condition. We recommend clean and thorough 

 cultivation in an orchanl while the trees are 

 small, but after they attain bearing age, get 

 t into sod, and keep it so, but do not allow 

 any grass to grow within three feet of the trees. 

 Keep tliis circle mulched with coal lushes, leaves, 

 litter or stones. Keep hogs in the orchard all 

 summer, and let them root all they will. Ma- 

 nure everv three years Just in |)roportion to the 

 amount of fruit that it is desirecl to gather. 



Small fruits must be kept clean and well culti- 

 vated at all times, and should be manured 

 annuallv. Mulching is of very great importance 

 to all kinds of small fruits ;'in fact, to almost 

 every crop, and should be attended to more than 

 is usually done. Horse-stable manure is the best 

 and most complete fertilizer for all kinds of fruit 

 trees and plants. Next to this is decomposed 

 animal matter and ground bone. 



It is not an extravagant a.ssertion to say that 

 " farmers inav have fresh fruit of their own rais- 

 ing, everv dav in the year." We have tried it 

 and know that it can be done without an expen- 

 sive fruit house or any other facilities than those 

 which are usually found on the farm. 



By exercising a little care and judgment in 

 selecting and handling the late fruits, they will 

 keep well in a good cellar. E.ate pears and grapes 

 should be left on the trees and vines as long as 

 they will hang, then gathere'l while dry and 

 spread tliinlv on the shelves of a closet in a cool, 

 drv, dark, room or cellar. Apjdes should be ex- 

 |io'sed to the air in a cool shady place for a few 

 (lays after |iickiiig, then sorted, and the sound 

 friiit packed in clean tight barrels, headed up 

 tiglilly, and stored in a cool, dry place, where 

 tirey will have as nearly as possible a uniform 

 temperature of about 40 or 45° 



The following assortment of trees and plants 

 can be idanteil on one acre of land, and will sup- 

 idy a large family all the fruit tiiey can use every 

 productive year.' The varieties are selected for 

 eastern Pennsylvania, and are named nearly in 

 the order of ri)iening. The wIkiIc bill can be 

 bought at a reliable nursery for fifty dollars, or 

 less, for first-class stock. 



20 .\piile trees, jdant 33 feet apart. 1 Hagloe 

 or 1 Summer Red Streak, 1 Cornell's Fancy, 



1 Gravenstein, 1 Maiden's Bhisli, 1 Fallawater, 



2 Roman Stem, 5 Smith's Cider, 2 Ridge Pijipin, 



3 Ben Davis, 1 Roxbury Russett, 2 Tewkesbury 

 Winter Blush. 



12Pears, plant 20 feet apart. 1 Doyenne D'Ete. 

 1 Beurre (iiffoni, IBrandywine, 1 Juliensie, 1 Buf- 

 fum, 2 Bartlelt, 1 Sheldon, 1 Seckle, 1 Lawrence, 

 1 Keifter, 1 Rutter. 



tj Cherries, plant 20 feet apart. 2 Early Rich- 

 mond, 1 Mayduke, 1 Black Tartarian, 1 Governor 

 Wood, 1 Bigarreau. 



(i Plums," plant 15 feet ajiart. Wild Goose, 

 Richland, Lombard, McLaughlin, Imi>erial Gage. 



The Root Louse, Sc/iiioneura £anigera(Ra,usm) 

 is very injurious to orchards. This louse is very 

 small] about one-twelfth of an inch long, and 

 covereil with a cottony down that, when the lice 

 are numerous, cause the tree to appear as if 

 whitewashed. These lice, in the winter, attack 

 the roots of the apple, and also the pear, under- 

 ground, and live in the larval form until spring, 

 when they attack the suckers at the base of the 

 tree, when they appear as if splashed with white- 

 wash, and us' the season becomes warmer they 

 attack the trunk of the tree and branches. The 

 lice, with their suckers, perforate the bark of the 

 tree, and suck the sap from it, and as the bark 

 dries and jieels olf they burrow beneath it, and 

 continue their attacks until the tree appears as 

 if scalded by the sun or attacked by a blight, at 

 times an entire side of a tree will be killed by 

 them, and will be deemed by a careless observer 

 to be killed by the hot suns. When the weather 

 becomes very warm they seek the top of the 

 tree and the ends of the branches, and can be 

 soon detected by the white appearance of the 

 ends of the smaller branches. In winter they 

 seek the roots again and live on them, the same 

 as the branches. When they attack the small 

 roots they cause the root to form small knobs, or 

 knots, and when very numerous will kill the 

 roots, as well as the trunk and branches. Nume- 

 rous remedies have been proposed for them, but 

 none of them are efft'Ctual. 



The Peach Tree .Vlnhis, Myznn Persieoe (Sul- 

 zer), are black lice that have the habit of the 

 Apple Root Louse of living in the winter in the 

 earth, feeding on the roots, and on the first 

 approach of warm weather, seek the branches, 

 and cover them .so fully as to cause them to 

 appear black with tluin.' When they are very 

 numerous at the roots the trees turn yellow, and 

 much of the supposed yellows are only the work 

 of the Peach Aphis, also, much of the sjuead of 

 the so-called yellows is ciused by the A|)his and 

 the Peach Borer. The Peach Ajiliis also attacks 

 the cherry. The Greeu Aphis of the rose also 

 is very injurious to the apple and plum. They 

 attack the leaves in vast numbers, and suck the 

 sap tri'in the leaves and tender branches, and 

 causes them to curl up, and when numerous will 

 seriously cheek the growth of the tree. The 

 Apple 'free A|ihi8 Aphis Mali (Faba), are a red- 

 dish brown aphis of sufficient size to be easily seen 

 on the underside of the leaves of the ajiple leaf, 

 and by sucking its juice they cause the leaf to 

 curl tiie same as the rose aphis, but the aphis are 

 very much larger than the rose ajdiis, and are 

 equally as injurious. The Lady Bug destroys mil- 

 lions o'f them, and when the aphis are very abund- 

 and they rapidly nuiltiply and feed on them, and 

 will so reduce them that they will hardly be 

 noticed, and the lady bugs no longer having tlieir 

 favorite food, will also disappear, when tlie Ajdiis 

 will rapidly increase again, to he swept ofl' again 

 by the increasing lady bugs. This will account 

 for the aphis being at'tinies so abundant, at other 

 times but a few are to be seen. The life history 

 of the Aphis is not well understood, and innch 

 further investigation is needed. I find the Aphis 

 at times very abundant on gra.sses, and the trees 

 free from them or only a few at least, again the 

 grass will be deserted,' and the trees will swarm 



