THE FARM AND GARDEN. 



LONG and' ROTTE N MANURE. 



By Tftos. U. Baird. GreenviUf , h'y. 



This is tliG season of the year when the farmer 

 and gardener should be laying out their plans 

 and accumulating and preparing their manures 

 f(.r next yours crop: and in preparing their man- 

 ure they should study the nature and wants of 

 each crop. From my experience iH farming and 

 gardening I find some crops are coarse feeders, 

 and thrive on fresh manure, and some require 

 the manure to be well rotted and reduced to its 

 mineral elements in a great part. 



Most garden crops require well-rotted manure. 

 Peas, potatoes, beets, and most especially beans 

 require it. This crop does best with manure from 

 around old buildings, manure that is rich in 

 nitre. P'or all these crops the gardener should 

 have his manure thoroughly decomposed, turn- 

 ing it often to tine it. 



Corn, oats, and cabbage thrive best with long 

 or fresh manure. The best crop of cabbage lever 

 raised, the ground was l>roken about the middle 

 of the evening, and the manure hauled from the 

 stables and spread on the ground, then plowed 

 until the manure was well mixed with the soil, 

 the ground marked nti' three feet between the 

 rows, and hills made one and one-lialf feel apart 

 in the rows. Hy the time this was done, it was 

 nearly sun-down; and the cabbage plants drawn 

 and set. The soil being freshly worked (not above 

 Its natural moisturei, the plants grew oil' better 

 than if the soil had been wet by rains. From 

 this experience I have always used long manures, 

 when convenient, for my cabbage. I have raised 

 good crops witii rotted manure and <'onimereiaI | 

 manures; but have tlie best success with long) 

 manure. It takes most all the season for cabbage \ 

 to grow and mature, and when long manure is 

 used, it seems, wliile decomposing, to furnish the 

 required food, and keep up the supply during the 

 entire growing season. ! 



The most ellective application of manure that 

 I ever tried on the corn crop, was taken fresh 

 from the stables. From my experience with i 

 manures, I would advise all to use well-rotted 

 manures on wheat, peas, potatoes, beans, and 

 beets, and corn does very well; but I would 

 use it on cabbage only when I could not obtain I 

 fresh manure. ' 



In Moine town«liip» we have over lOOHub- 

 scriberH. Al Hoiiir po-*! olHceM we liavr niilj 4mh'. 

 We want ever) ntie wv liave niiiliinlicd bj 1'2. 

 and hope you will <l« >oiir pari. A club ol" l*i 

 siibwrriber^ al «ur low rule of 'J.'i rritl>* njenr, 

 will enlille Ibe sentler to 3 >eni'N* NuliNcriplion 

 free. . 



HOW TO MAKE A^EAP CISTERN. j 



There are many ways to make a cistern that re- 1 

 quire a larger expense than the farmer can allord, i 

 and for all uselul purposes are no better than | 

 the <'heaper ones we here recommend. All the i 

 various itlters recommended are costly and soon i 



f;et out of repair; and we find that when a cistern ■ 

 B cleaned by a thorough washing out with clean 

 water onee a year, in the early spring the water | 

 will usually be pure and sweet the entire sum- 1 

 mer. Water will purify itself in a cistern, for 

 the foul sediment will fall to tlie bottom, and if | 

 the water is taken from the top, or at least not 

 fi-om the very bottom, the water will be sweet, j 

 while the bottom may be dirty. The reader will | 

 eee at once that a pump, if used, should not \ 

 reach (he bottom of a cistern Ity two feel at least, ; 

 and il the cistern is properly m;uie, only a litth' 

 ol the water will be below the pumji. We give 

 the proper form of a elst<*rn f<»r both brick or 

 stone walls, or a simpler one where tln" dirt sides 

 of the cistern are coated with cement. 



Where the gnuind is solid clay lU* gravel, the 

 best form f»f a cistern, and much the cheapest, is 

 made by digging for il a small jtcrpeiidicular 

 opening", about the size of an ordinary well, or 

 less, if tlie cistern is small. When at the depth 

 of two feet begin to enlarge, and when the 



S roper size is reached, continue until tberequind 

 eptii is r>hiaini li. in the form shown in the cut. 

 The dirt, if solid, will not cave. The part helow 

 the lines sliadcd at the bottom, is made to catcli 

 the mud and dirt bek>w the ^ump. Take clean 

 sand and make a strong mortar of lime and sand, 

 say, one bushel of lime to live of clean sand, and 

 add to each bushel of mortar sutftcient cement, 

 well mixed, to make the mortar set quickly, or. 

 as some prefer, use no lime in the mortarj but 

 one part cement to four or tive of sand, which is 

 better, but more costly. Plaster the sides on 

 the dirt, beginning at the bottom, and coat the 

 sides ol the cistern with a full inch ot mortar as 

 high as the brick work, and a.s soon as the mor- 

 tar is set, make a mortar of at leaVt equal parts 

 of sand and cement,. or pure cement if a great 

 hardness of wall is required, and finish witli a 

 thin coiit of the cemeni. Then dig a shoulder 

 for the brick arch to rest on, and arch over the 

 cistern with brick, as shown in the cut, and 

 plaster tlie brick work with eehient to keep 

 the frost from scabbing the brick work. Sniafl 

 lugs of stone and cement are set at the bottom of 

 the cistern, sis shown by the shaded lines, to rest 

 a plank on which to set the pump. M'here the 

 soil is sandy or loose, stone or brick must Ite 

 used. The stitne and brick can be laid in good 

 lime mortars, and the plastering done in cement. 

 The cost for lime, stone, and cement vary so 

 much in different sections, that we cannot give 

 the enst to make; but the expense is small, 

 compared with the value of pure cistern water. 



Ninety out of evet'j/ hundred 

 who engage iri mercantile 

 pumuiVi fail. Stick to thefaTnn 

 neighbor^ and it leill pay you 

 too. You may work a little 

 harder, but you are sure of a 

 good home. Boys sti/:k to the 

 old farm and makr it pay. 



i4«k^d>^&^ 



GOLDEN OPPORTUNITIES 

 IN THE SOUTH. 



BRICK OR SToNK-LINKD » ISTKilX. 



Confimtfd. By JosepK 

 CHICKENS AND EGGS. 



They are wise, and know 

 the things that are good, 

 these people of the Sunny 

 South, both old and young, 

 black and white. Tender 

 chickens, eggs, and fish are 

 no rarefy on their tables. 

 And why should it be other- 

 wise? There are no great 

 difticultics in the way of 

 production. Poultry can go 

 tothebaregnaind not many 

 less than ;i(v> days in the 

 year. They can pick up half of their living, if not 

 more. They need little protection from cold 

 winds and snow. Land is cheap, so is grain, and 

 gra.sshoppers, bugs, and worms are^ilenty. No 

 wonder the production of poultry is compara- 

 tively large, yet it is not as niuch in excess of 

 the home coitsumption as those favorable condi- 

 tions would lead us to expect. 



The weighty aristocrat of the poultry-yard— 

 the proud turkey— receives more attcntitm, per- 

 haps, than any of its smaller occupants. Here, 

 intheiiomeof its ancestors, where his wild cousin 

 is yet hunting through the woods and over the 

 mountains in search of bugs and nuts, we fre- 

 quently meet the eultivatid specimen on their 

 l»)raging expeditions over meadows and pa.stxires, 

 sometimes in flocks of a hundred heads or more. 

 When Thanksgiving or Christmas ecmics they 

 bring a nice little sum Into the farmer's wife's 

 pocket forspending money. 



The ehicken and I'gg business, however, in the 

 estimation of the larLie farmer, is too small an 

 industry to claim his attention. ** We raise wliat 

 eggs and chickens wc want t<» eat, but have none 

 to sell," says a prominent farmer; yet he e<mi- 

 plains of "hard times," Utile thinking that a 

 reasonably large number of laying hens on his 

 ■j(K) acre farm would increase his annual revenue 

 by a hundred or two hundred dollars from the 

 sale ol eggs alone. The production of spring 

 chickens for market lays mostly in the hands of 

 the snnill farmer, and particularly in that of the 

 poor darkey, and if they have a dozen or so to 

 sell orexchange for goods in the store they think 

 thcv are doing well. 



Now let us bear in mind that In the Southern 

 half of the Union it is just or nearly as ea.sy to 

 raise chickens during Itecembei or January as in 

 the Northern half during March or .Ypril. Why 

 is it, then, that the most successful chicken and 

 egg farmers live in the Northern, not the South- 

 ern, states? 



Small fortunes can be nmdc by skilful mana- 

 gers of jHJultry, with either chickens or eggs, 

 much easier in the more favored location than 

 where great dilliculties have to be overcxnne. 

 Why not stlect the warnicr climate, cheap lands, 

 and cheap^grain? 



Are tlure no drawbacks? Ves, many, I admit. 

 Cholera is one, but you have to tight, or rather 

 try to prevent, it anywhere. "Varmint," of all 

 sorts, skunks, coons, possums, rats, weasels, 

 cliicken-hawks, and other birds of prey are ready 

 to claim their share of the profits, but hardly 

 more than anywhere else I believe. Shelter has 

 to be provided against long continuous rains. 

 Comnnin care will overcome all those dilticulties. 

 But there is onedrawback peculiar to the South, 

 and a serious one. It is a kind of black "var- 

 mint" species, Niger AfricanuJt, of the genus 

 Ilnmo. This black biped is exceedingly fond of 

 chickens, whether old or young, and his depre- 

 dations are mostly to be feared in or near villa- 

 ges and cities. less*>ut in the country. The black 

 thief ctunbines the faculty to see in the night 

 like an owl, with the cunning and slyness of the 

 fox, the boldness of the kite, and the destrueiive- 

 ness of the weasel. I will not compare him with 

 Ilu: skunk at all. Did we not leave the hen-house 

 csirefullv and securely locked every time wc had 

 to IcsLve home? Yet once, on returning, happen- 

 ing to look in the direction of the small door for 



CEMENT-LINED CISTERN. 



the egress and ingress of the fowls, we thought 

 we could see a black face, which quickly disap- 

 peared. We caught the little chunk of ebony 

 inside, tluaigh we had to pull half of him back 

 through the small opening, which had admitted 

 him. and where he tried to escape, while we 

 unliK'ked the door. He lost the eggs which he 

 had taken pains to gather fttr us, but he got a 

 sound tlirashing instead, the little rascal. 



Yet I will not make the poor darkey responsi- 

 ble for all these depredations. Often the "poor 

 white trash " on the outskirtsof towns are worse 

 than the negroes. The poultry raiser must stay 

 away from villages, etc., or "use the shot gun 

 freely, or other means. Uut the South is the 

 place to grow early spring chickens and eggs in 

 abundance. 



We want 300,000 subsci^ibera and shnfl get them. 

 We shall make tnir paj>er worth ten times the price 

 we ajtk/or it, and nnr friends will send us thc^Of^S^OO, 

 Roll in the itaiiie.t .' 



THE STEAM ENGINE FOR THE FARM 

 By E. C. Vick Jtochester, .V. Y. 



Many have asked me, lately, my opinion of a 

 small engine, for farm use, wliich has been ex- 

 terMvelyadvcrlised in the last few months. 



Beinga gr<'at advocate of the steam engine for 

 the farm : to lest it and give a correct, sound 

 statement concerning these engines, I purchased 

 one. and now I wish to give your readers the re- 

 sult of my ohservation, and to make a few re- 

 marks on "The Steam Engine for the Farm." 



The last in(|!iiry I received, was from the presi- 

 dent of a farmiTs elub in Michigan, who wished 

 to know if these engim-s. called the Shipman 

 Steam Engine, using Ki-rosene oil as fuel, could 

 be managed by "hired help," and stated that his 

 //»c'y/vY(/-a? objection to them, was that the lamp- 

 black would accumulate si) fast on the flues as to 

 greatly impair the heating power of the oil. 

 Thetiretifftl/y, perha!)s. Ilu-rc may be something 

 in Ibis, but praetirtilly, il amounts to nothing. 

 The tire is formed by the pi'essure of air or steam 

 flowing through an' atomi/.cr which throws the 

 Keroseni* in a v<-ry fine spray into the fire-box. 

 The combustion of the fuel issoperfe<-t that there 

 is little or n<i smoke, and, conseiiU)*ntly, it is 

 some tinn- liefore lam])black or soot, in an.\ qiuin- 

 tity, is noticed on the flues, and tin- iioiler is so- 

 constructed that the flues can be deant-d almost 

 instantly. 



I would not recommend the sniiilier sizes of 

 these engines, however, for use nii llie tarm, lUj 

 they are very light and have too man> toy inven- 

 tions about' them to niaki- them as near auto- 

 matic as possible, and I (b» not lieliese rliat these 

 light parts will wear. Tlie largest size \s heavier 

 and would answer tor si>nie jiurposes, hut tlK*o 

 cost as much as a modi-rn nptiiibt eiitriue and 

 boiler, which I would jireler, and reei>niniend in 

 every case. 



There are several houses that make good relia- 

 ■ ble engines that have stood the tests for yeai-s. 

 I and it "will be some time, If ever, liefore there will 

 , be any thing made to surpass tlicin for tarm work. 



Every farm should have an engine. It is with 

 I these as it was with the windmill. A short time 



VINE? 



ProUac, 



GRAPE 



JOEl^ IIOKNEK A .S<)N, 



— Po'keepsie. Red Ulst«r, 



MA<;AUA,and ether 



nhl nnri ni'ir rarffOM.StrawberrieS. 



Blackberries IVIAUEBOUO <fc 



e»lher Raspberries. Cat-alogueyVec 

 .*Iercbantville. N.J. 



Order a splendid sewing machine on trial, to 

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TREE SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 



GRAPE VINES and SMALL FRUITS. 



lloilvv Stoek, »iri-ul Vurii-ty, Low I'ri.TN. Fri-r I'tttft- 

 locuc. J. JENKINS.Wlnonn. Columblima to.. Ohio. 



I 



Nl 4<; \R \ WHITE GRAPE. MARLBORO Raipberry 

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i^ys 



THl CRANCER FAMILY FRUIT AND VEORTABLE 



EVAPORATORS. 



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SHORTH ANDbvmnil or prrxoiial)}'. 

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mmn 



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V^SOUND VEGETABLE SEEDS 



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