THE FARM AND GARDEN. 



Oi^GHAi^D AND Small Fi^uiiis 



COOPER'S MARKET lAtso called Cboper's Red- 

 linii, MidyHy, Rediiny,. 



A valuable New York apple wlilch is also grown 

 in Illinois and Michigan. It succeeds in loams 

 and light soils and makes a valuable fruit. We 

 give a cut of the shape and appearance of the 



Cooper's .\I.\kkkt. 



apple taken from nature. The apple is large, 

 oblate coni« to oblong conic in form, and usually 

 grows to a sharp point at the blossom I'ud, ;is 

 shown in the < ut. Color a rich yellow ground- 

 work with bciuitilul dark and liglil red stripes. 

 Flesh .vellowish while, with a brisk, subacid 

 flavor. The sreat peculiarity of this apple l.s thai 

 It grows better b,v keei>ing and will Improve in 

 flavor until Ma.v. Tree an uprlglil t'rowcr with 

 drooping branches, making a line, roundish, 

 conical-headed tree. A lair liearer, and ver.y apt 

 to bear on uneven .years or when other apiiles 

 fall. .Slise of apples, three Inches in diameter or 

 one hall larger in size each way than given In the 

 cut. Does not thrive in a wet soli. 



PEACH YELLOWS. 



Kll L. H. BiiUty, Jr.. f\tmhritlyi . Mn.it. 



There are few things which arc known in re- 

 gard to peach yellows, althoutib II inusi be ad- 

 mitted that most of the literatiin- upon the sub- 

 ject is a compilation of ingenious jiue.sses. The 

 most Important knowledge we have concerning 

 the dlsea,se is this: Prompt eradication of the 

 trees Is the only known remedy. 



Every year brings a new lot of remedies for the 

 insidious disease, but upon trial all have so far 

 failed I believe, unless it be those too recent to be 

 yet thoroughly tested. 



The revival of the soil-ixbaustion hvpotiiesis 

 Is one of the most recent developraen'ts of the 

 yellows literature. Careful observers have pro- 

 nounced dearth of potash to be a leading cause 

 of the disease, and the.T have made tlie critical 

 test of curing disen.sed trcis by applications of 

 potash liM-tilizer.s. Other sjood observers especi- 

 ally in the older Eastern states, have made sim- 

 ilar observations and experiments. Many other 

 observers, equally critical, have stoutly denied 

 the soil exhaustion supposition, and have found 

 the potash remedies of no avail. Such denials 

 coiae largely fr<un the fruit regions of western 

 Michigan, where soil exhau.stion Is preposterous. 



It was my good fortune to be raised in that 

 western Iruit land, and a ions aciiuaintance with 

 "i',^^?!''*^''^ *'"■'"« '"»** '«^'' '"'■ to renounce at once 

 all belief in soil exiiaustion as Ihe cause. Kicli 

 and virgin lands, rich in potash, grow diseased 

 trees as often jis do the older lands. In wi-sierii 

 New York, some parts of Xew Jersey, and in 

 other sections, growers can never be brought to 

 beVleyc in this hypothesis. .Still we cannot doubt 

 the statements of Ihe careful men whoendorscll 



The solution of our perplexitv is not sodirHcult 

 as it at first appears. It is mv im])ivssl..ii tliat 

 the yellows whicli has been so largely experi- 

 inented upon in some parts of the east is not yel- 

 lows at all, but u simple weakening or exhaustion 

 of the tree. The descriptions of these yellows 

 often apply very inaptly to the virulem "disease 

 which should bear the name yellows. There are 

 numerous evidences In support of my state- 

 ments. If each of the persons who have written 

 upon the subject had owned the orchard that I 

 once did, they would never fall Into discussions 

 a.s to whether or not the disease is conta-'ious 

 They would have had a palnftil experience to 

 prove its contagious cliaractt^r. Neither would 

 they doubt as to whether the malady i-xisis as a 

 distinct and well-marked disease. That the true 

 yellows is a «ell-deflned disease, and that it is 

 contagious, are other things which are known in 

 regard to it. 



The peach growers of Michigan have demon- 

 strated the efficacy of prompt eradication of the 

 trees as a remedy for yellows. In Berrien county 

 the disease appeared years ;vgo. The peach erow- 

 era were ignorant concerning it. Instead of mis- 

 trusting a disease to be the cause of the appear- 



ance of the early speckled fruit, they supposed 

 that they had a new varietv of peach, and they 

 began to propagate It. When flnallv they di.s- 

 covered that they had a wolf in sheep's clothing, 

 the.v had no knowledge of how to prevent its 

 ravages. The.v doctored and exDcrimented. and 

 : finally were obliged to give up peach growing. 

 Twenty-five miles north, on" the lake shore, the 

 disease appeared a few years later. The people 

 j knew that it was coming, but it was in their 

 I midst before they were aware, and it was doing 

 \ great damage. The fruit growers soon rallied, 

 and began a most persistent warfare upon the 

 disease. A Yellows Commi.ssIon was appointed 

 to examine every orchard at stated times, and 

 mark all yellows ir.rs. These trees were speedily 

 destroyed. .Ml the hading growers combined t'o 

 demand the destruction of diseased trees, and 

 through their eftei.s, combined with those of 

 Secretary (iarfield, of the State Horticultural 

 Society, an eflectlve l.n-v was pa.ssed which made 

 the destruction of the trees compulsory, uncer 

 penalty of fine and imprisonment. Thousands 

 of trees were sacrificed. For a time it appeared 

 as though all eflferts were futile. In a couple of 

 years, however, thr; disease was checked, and 

 each year it is now deereasini.'. There was no 

 playing with the disease, no experintenting, no 

 dallying. The work wSs quick, thorough, and 

 imperative. 



apples; change of varieties by soil and 

 climate. no. 2. 



By mi Miiurh. .Slilloh, X. J. 



rnntinuing from last month I will further con- 

 sider tlie elTcet of root gralling for soils unsuited 

 to the variety. The facility with which .such va- 

 rieties as the Ben Davis strike root from the 

 graft, when set a.s root grafts. In the nursery. Is 

 so great, that the original root will soon" be 

 discarded by the graft, whicli will make all the 

 roots ol Its own. From this cause alsothe suckers 

 that spring from the tree will prodin-c the true 

 Ben Davis, not because the graft has changed the 

 original root, but because the new roots are Ben 

 Davis, and wll' produce a lien Davis tree, which 

 will thrive In any soil a Ben Davis will. 



Now take a tree of poor rooting disposition, 

 like the Wlnesap, and eraft that on a root the 

 same as a Ben Davis, and vou will find a p<H>r 

 rooted tree iVom the InablUtv of the Wlnesap to 

 make strong roots of Its own. Toi)-grall the Wlne- 

 sa]) on a vigorous four-year-old seedling at a point 

 near where the Io|i Is to be formed, you will have 

 a tree with all the vigorous roots of "the seedling 

 and one at home in yoursoil, and a good bearing 

 long-lived tree. Wlille this mav be true of the 

 W incsap, vet were a Ben Davis root grafted, II 

 mlKht make a better tree than grafted upon a 

 lour-year-f>ld seedling, for its own roots mliiht be 

 more vigorous and suitabh^ to the soil than the 

 seedling stock It might be grafted upon. The 

 Ideas I wish to i-onvey of soil and stock I think 

 must now bi' clear to the reader. 



To make Ihe matter, however, still clearer, I 

 will take an apple like the Kamense, which loves 

 .a limestone soil. Now in any limestone soil the 

 hamense will thrive, but not on a cold clay soil 

 as well, and would be better were it loi>-gfafted 

 on a variety well suited to cold clay soli. We 

 know this statement will be disputed," but we are 

 satisfied it agrees with tlie practical results of 

 ex^)erilIlellts, and is nut a fancy of theorists. 



Exposures should also have a leading control 

 in selecting an orchard site. Wh.Te there are 

 late spring frosts, jilant on the North side of a 

 hill to retard blooming, also plant the same side 

 to protect from hot suns in tlie .South In the 

 North-west look for shelter, and for a wind blow- 

 ing Irom water will carry enough moisture with 

 it to keep a tree from killing bv the cold dry 



winter winds, for dryness has as much to do with 

 winter killing as the cold. Hence a situation oa 

 the South-west side of a lake will protect from a 

 Nortli-west wind, although the exposure may be 

 North-west, while if planted at tiie North-west 

 side of the lake, the same exposure would not be 

 desirable, so the reader will .see that the same 

 must occur with other locations, and Judgment 

 IS required to fix a locality, .some locations as a 

 valley may be subject to late frosts— as the Hud- 

 son Kiver Valley— and yet be valuable orchard 

 sites, for the f<igs of the Hudson will protect the 

 blooms by keeping oft' tlie sun, the blossoms will 

 not be Injured. In another location where there 

 are no fogs a valley would be ruinous. 



Situations exempt from late frosts are r.sually 

 found on a side hill, raised from twenty to fifty 

 f'^et above a valley, lor the air, as It chills, will 

 sjttle in the valley below, and make a frost 

 w hile tile side hill would escape The reader has 

 now before him the facts of the case upon which 

 which all must form an individual opinion on a 

 site that would meet the requirements, and the 

 exposure that would be best for his soeeial loca- 

 tion. The question has long agitated the Missis- 

 sippi \ alley, "which is the belter, high or low 

 ground foroichards"? Leaving out Ihequestion 

 of varieties. 1 will say that the high locations are 

 much more liable to be dried 'ly winds, and also 

 the dews are lighter, and the volume of rain is 

 perceptibly lighter on a hill, than one In a valley. 

 \\ ere It a question oi dryness alone, we should 

 at once say a valley, as nelng less subject to dry 

 weather and the sweeping influence of dry 

 winter winds; but on the other hand a warm, 

 wet, and unusually late fall may ripen the wood 

 on high land, which would till the tree with 

 water in the low land, and at the flrst sudden 

 freeze would Irc.ze Ihe water between the bark 

 and rupture it. and It would, in the following 

 spring, fall frmn the tree and ruin the orchard. 

 \\ hile such an accident as this might no r occur 

 for years, the low ground would be, until then, 

 preferable. The principles which underlie the 

 subject are universal, while the applications are 



Sliecial. 



Please rend fruit articles in every farm paper 

 ><>ii rreeiye. Ifinn fliid nnv to eqiinl ibii., in 



Cull and linrd priicfical ..enMC. iilense lei us 

 iMiw. II >oii (ike oiii-'h best vou cnn faxil) 

 urine )oui- ueiielibors lo !*nuie opiiiiou. uud «et 

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FRUIT NOTES. 

 Mr. Liiper, of the Warsaw. Illinois, Horticul- 

 tural .Society, kinds, as we do, that II is better to 

 trim apple trees later than February; also, has 

 lound. as we have also said, that wounds made 

 by pruning in .luiie heal soonest. 



.\I a recent meeting of the Pennsylvania Slate 

 Horticultural Society, Mr. Hillar, of Lancaster 

 County, said cherries In that county grow best 

 on a north-western slopi, while those planted on 

 an eastern slope, although only flIXy yards dis- 

 tant, were a failure. 



E. DeBell, of Sioux Falls, Iowa, writing to the 

 Dnkiitti Farmer says: "Were he to confine him- 

 self to two varieties of strawberries, lie w< uld 

 select the Crescent seedling and the Charles 

 Downing for hardiness and profit. The Wilson 

 wInler-kiMs with him. 



Frozen apples can be restored easilv bv putting 

 them in 'ce water (not well water for tiiat Is too 

 warmi, i.i.d a.low them to thaw out slowlv. If 

 so treated they will be as fins as they were before 

 being frozen. Whin apples are frozen in bulk, 

 cover up well with blaukets and allow no air to 

 circulate In the .room, ami the apples usually 

 thaw out with but a little Injury. Hapid thaw- 

 ing ruins them. 



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