THE FARM AND GARDEN. 



APPLE GEOMETRIDS. 



We receive many inquiries about the canlter 

 worm on the apple trees, and we deem it best to 

 give an article upon the worms, tliat to the com- 

 mon observer, appear like canker worms, of 

 which there are four kinds that appear simi- 

 lar. They are called geometrids, from two Greek 

 words, meaning earth-measurers, from their 

 habit of walking, which is to loop themselves up 

 and then reach out their entire length, and then 

 loop up again, as if measuring the distance they 

 traverse. 



The most common of these geometrids is the 

 true canker worm [Paleacriia veniata, Peck), or 

 Spring Canker Worm, named from the eggs be- 

 ing laid in the spring, to distinguish it from the 

 Fall Canker Worm, which is much less widely 

 distributed, but equally as destructive. 



Figure 1. 



The cut, fig^ire 1, sliows at the left-hand lower 

 corner the female, wliich is wingless, the winged 

 male at the upper right-hand corner, and the 

 ■worm is shown between them. The female lays 

 the eggs in early spring in the branches ot the 

 tree, usually in irregular ma-sses of from one 

 hundred to one hundred and fifty in a place, and 

 an any spot in the tree where convenient. As 

 soon as hatched they attack the young leaves, 

 and often in backward springs will devour the 

 buds before the leaves appear. They rapidly in- 

 crease in size, and are usually full grown in ilay 

 or June. They are then about three-fourtlis of 

 an incli to a full inch in length. They are usu- 

 ally dark olive-green or a brownish-green in 

 color, although it varies so much that there are 

 grey, and even yellow ones among them. They 

 consume the leaves of the apple when numerous, 

 and allow only the skeleton of the leaf to remain. 

 They make the orchard appear as if Are had 

 been through it. 



The worms, when alarmed by jarring or a 

 heavy wind, will let themselves down by a silken 

 thread and hang suspended from it. When very 

 numerous the tree will be a mass of these webs, 

 and be stripped entirely of foliage. In June the 

 worms enter tlie ground at tlie depth of three or 

 four inches and form a cocoon. They appear 

 again in tlie form as we see in figure 1, perfect in- 

 sects, and begin the destruction. 



Figure 2. 



We give in figure 2 the Fall Canker Worm {An- 

 isopterix pomefrma, Harr.) It is very similar in 

 all respects to the Spring Canker Worm, except 

 that the eggs are laid in the fall, and the worm 

 has two short pro-legs on the eighth .joint. Their 

 cocoons are made of sti'ong, spun silk, and will 

 not be destroyed by fall plowings and freezing, 

 as the spring species will be, which shows that 

 they are of a more fragile character. 



The question will be asked, "How can the.v 

 spread so rapidly ? " From the habit of su.spend- 

 ing themselves by silken webs from the trees, 

 the.y are carried b,v passing vehicles, or even 

 trains, birds, or animal.s to distant points, where 

 they find a lodgment, and will soon multiply. 



Figure 3, 



Figure 3 gives the appearance of the Lime-tree 

 Winter Moth (Hybernia tiliaria, Harr.), another 



larger worm of the same character as the other 

 geometrids we have described. The worms when 

 full grown are an inch and a quarter long. They 

 are only of a yellow color, with many narrow 

 black bands running the length of the body. 

 The underside of the worm is of a paler color. 

 The head is of a dull red color. The female, as 

 shown in the lower left-hand corner of figure 3, 

 is wingless, while the male has large, delicate 

 wings. They are like their class when grown; 

 form their cocoons in the ground, and appear as 

 perfect insects according to the season, both fall 

 and spring. 



Figure U. 



We illustrate the White Engonia {Eugonia .nib- 

 signariu, Hubu.) in figure 4, giving the male and 

 the worm in the cut. The female is also winged, 

 and is very similar to the male in form and 

 color. The Eugonia is very troublesome in Geor- 

 gia. The caterpillar, in color, is a dark brown; 

 head large and red, as is also the terminal seg- 

 ment. These worms, when numerous, will de- 

 vour the leaves of any species of tree. The worm 

 will change to a chrysalis, and in a few days the 

 perfect moth appears. The Eugonias are not, as 

 the canker worms, single-brooded, but the broods 

 are often double and overlapping each other. 



Enemies of all these worms are blrd.s, among 

 which is the despised English sparrow. There 

 are also large numbers of insect enemies. The 

 Microgasters, Tachna flies, Platygaster flies. Pot- 

 ter wasps, and ground beetles devour many of 

 them. Ho will hogs, if allowed to run in the or- 

 chard, root up the cocoons and devour the chrys- 

 alides. P'all or winter plowing, with freezing, 

 will burst the earthy cocoons of the Spring spe- 

 cies and destroy them, as they are not as strong 

 and silky as those of the Fall species. 



The most powerful remed.v is arsenical poison. 

 Bands of tin or muslin coated with tar or print- 

 er's ink, placed around tlie tree to stop the ascent 

 of the wingless female, are used, but as practiced 

 by the ordinary farmer, will be of little use, as 

 they require dally attention the entire fall and 

 winter until Ma.v, the bands are troublesome. If 

 they are neglected they are useless, so much so 

 that we only advise a sure and easy remedy, — 

 that of spraying the trees, at once, upon appear- 

 ance of the worms. Use one pound of Paris 

 green, well stirred, witii one hundred gallons of 

 water. London purple will also be useful wheti 

 used in the same wa.v, but will injure the foliage 

 more than the Paris green. Use any force pump 

 and a fine rose sprinkler attached to a long pole 

 and supplied with the water by a small hose 



leading to the force pump. The cost is small 

 when you have the pump and hose. You can 

 spray a large orchard for less than five cents per 

 tree. Once will generally be suflScient, though 

 sometimes it will be required twice. Late frosts 

 often kill the entire brood of worms and exter- 

 minate them so completely as to be hardly ob- 

 servable for years. 



Last year the worms appeared to be very wide- 

 spread, and if no late frosts occur, will this year 

 be a scourge to the apple orchards if not de- 

 stroyed. Do not pasture stoclc in the orchards 

 you Paris green, for the grass will be poisoned by 

 it. We have tried to give all the main facts in 

 regard to these worms as fully as space will 

 allow. 



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Plemr mrntinn THE FAR.U AXIi (iAEDEN. 



Strawberry Raspberry, Blackberry. 

 Currants, Grapes, 



Ir 1 I 1.1 r. -n.,1 ,M,,| n,.^^ . .■iri..-tics. 



M x\ kiiite. Marlltopo. Kiirlv Clii»i- 

 ^^ r. 1 .1%. Miiuitra. loimt. Kii-fTcr, 

 J*< ]it li I M I H, \y. ."^cikI fur I'ltta- 



T ir; JOHNS. COLUWS, 



o 



M 



E 

 T 



E 



NIAGAR.A WHITE GRAPE. MARLBORO Raspberry. 

 H. S. AndehbON, Union Springs. N.Y^'Ciitalogue r'r'^e 



p. ORNAMENTAL ^^ 



Foliage plantS 



GREENHOUSE PLANTS, 



BEDDING PLANTS. 



C'ATAI.OGl'E :»lAIl.Kn ON APl'I.U'ATIOX. 



DAVID FERCUSSON & SONS- 



RlilQe and Lehiah Avenues, Philadelphia, Pa. 



Locust Grove Nurseries. 



Choice Trees. Vines, and Plants. .411 the new varieties. 

 Manchester Strawberries, Hansen Raspberries, KietTer 

 Pear Trees. Peach Trees a siieeially. Large stock 

 and low prices. Send for circular to 



J. BRAY, Red Bank N. J. 



MARLBORO RASIMtERRY, POKEEPSIE 

 REU, ULSTER PROLII'Ii:. and Duchess Grapes. 



Send to the originators for description and terms. 

 A. J. CAYWOOD & SONS, Marlboro, New York. 



STRAWBERRIES ! 



.>liii lime ii'i ilie best taily, Coiinef-iiriit Queen 

 1nT laii-, >lni>lbnro and Rnnroras If iispberries. 

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^'ftFRUITEROraS' KNIFE 



Has Pruning, Jack, and Budding or Speying 

 blades, cut gives e.xact size. Price, by mail, 

 SI. 00: 3 lor S'i-.'JO. Blades iile tested, and 

 replaced Iree if solt or flawy. Large Primer, 

 Sl.OO; Pruninn .Shears. Sl.OO: Pocket Prun- 

 ing Saw. $1.00. Cattle Knile, SI. 

 Boys' l-blade, a.5 cents.; Stronj 



2-blade, .'iOcI.s.! Ladies, 



2.blade Pearl, .50 cIs.; 



Gents' flue .3-blade, SI. 



4S-PAGE LIST FREE. 



Also, "How to me a 



Im i'iosH, 



76 SUMMIT STKEET, 

 TOLEDO, O. 



