8 



THE FARM AND GARDEN. 



LilVB Stogi^. 



BUTTER-MAKING. 



By Mahain B. Chaddock, Vermont, Fulton Co., III. 



The three fundamental rules for the "gilt-edged- 

 butter-maker," are :— Good cows, good food, and 

 eternal vigilance. On these three rules hang all 

 the laws and by-laws of butter-making; and the 

 greatest of these three is eternal vigilance. 



We may take a third-class cow, and with eter- 

 nal vigilance may make a fair aiticle of butter; 

 while the best cow in the world, fed on the best 

 food to be found, will not produce good butter 

 without it. 



Eternal vigilance must watch over the heifer 

 calf from the day it is born until it becomes a 

 cow ; must see that it is not over-fed, and that its 

 food is of the right quality ; that it is not fed too 

 often, nor fasted too long; that it is handled 

 enough to make it gentle, but not in a way to 

 make it "horny." 



When she is a mother, eternal vigilance must 

 be there to see that she is kindly treated,— many 

 a good cow is ruined at her first milking— and all 

 through her Journey of life, eternal vigilance 

 must have watch and ward over her; must see 

 that her food is of the best; that her liay is as 

 sweet as drird clover blossoms can be; that no 

 soft, sour nubbins are given her; that her oats 

 and bran are the freshest and sweetest; that her 

 drink is the purest water that the bowels of the 

 earth contain, and that she wanders all day 

 long in summer time, in pastures green, placid, 

 calm, content, with no shotguns tiring off near 

 ber ears, and no dogs to chase and make her 

 afraid. 



When at eventide she comes slowly home, 

 looking as if she would rather be milked tlian 

 not, and when the milk is strained and set away, 

 eternal vigilance, instead of having a play-spell, 

 must do double duty; must have no rest night 

 or day. For now tiie greatest foe that eternal 

 vigilance has to fight is ten;p<'ralnrc. I read 

 yesterday that in the Mammoth Cave in Ken- 

 tucky, the temperature is always 'h degrees, 

 never more, never less, summer and winter it ! 

 stands .just the same; and the thouL'ht came to [ 

 me that If we butter-makers could have a steady 1 

 temperature like that (only of course it would 

 need to be a lower one), what a paradise it wouhl 

 be. Those fortunate souls who iiave a natural 

 spring, can haye almost the samw thing. liut | 

 tliere are not enough natural springs to go round. | 

 The few lucky ones have them, and the rest of us , 

 « must manufacture our own tciTipeniturc ; and in 

 my experience the water-tank and deep setting! 

 seems to come nearest to the old .spring house 

 methods of our young days, 



BARN-YARD MANAGEMENT. 



As the summer comes on the manure must be 

 plentifully supplied with absorbent material, or 

 it will overheat. The liquid should be saved 

 and added to the solid. Sanitary regulations are 

 as necessary in the barn-yard aS anywhere else, 

 for animals succumb to impure air and imper- 

 fectly ventilated and damp quarters as well as 

 human beings. Unless tlie l>arn-yard is so man- 

 aged as to enable the farmer to save all the waste 

 material, and to aflford proper conveniences for 

 attending to the stock, and preserving the man- 

 ure, there will be loss, with the excessive heat of 

 the day, which causes manure to "fire-fang." 

 By sudden showers at night the loss of material 

 which is unprotected will be greater than can be 

 replaced, except at much expense. 



KEEP A FEW PIGS. 



There is an old prejudice on the part of some 

 against keeping pigs, under the plea that it does 

 not pay to do so. The claim is not true, but 

 admitting its correctness in some respects, there 

 are several reasons to be presented in their favor. 

 When the pork is raised at home you know 

 what it is. The quality of the food given, free- 

 dom from disease, and care of the meat from the 

 moment the hog is slaughtered until it is cured, 

 depends upon the owner, and when this is given 

 I>y the consumer he is able to provide himself 

 with a better article than he can purcha-se. So 

 far as relates to the actual expense tliat maybe 

 incurred, the outlay is only temporary, for a small 

 sum is stored away in the carcass, which is 

 returned at ihc ijYn\ of the year. Leaving out 

 thi- matter of profit altogether, therefore, the pigs 

 enable their owners to sare a great amount of 

 material that would be lost lyithout their assis- 

 tance, and, even if only the expense is returned, 

 with some it is doubtful if they wovild be any 

 richer at the end of the year without the pigs 

 tlian with them, )mt in the latter case they will 

 at least tiave a quantity of pork on hand. 



TESTING THE MILK AT CREAMERIES. 



The plan of testing the milk received from 

 customers at the creameries is the only fair 

 method of doing business, and yet, allhough it is 

 a protection to tiio dairyman, they are the par- 

 ties who raise the greatest objection to testing. 

 The man who keeps Jersey cows, and whose 

 milk contains a larger percentage of cream than 

 that of his neighbor, is entitled to a larger sum 

 of money for his milk, for I lie reason that it is 

 ■worth more. It stimulates improvement of 

 jstock, encourages better management of the 

 milk, and induces high feeding in oi-der to 

 increase botli the quality and <|unntity. It is 

 the careless dairyman who olijcr-ts to a test of 

 the milk. He bases his <*aIculations upon 

 quantity, and mixes the milk indiscriminately, 

 without regard to its age, or the condition of the 

 different cows. It is a well-known fact that no 

 two cows give milk of the same quality, but the 

 milk from a selected number maybe somewhat 

 nniform if they arc fed alike, but to compel the 

 <'areful, clean dairyman to accept the same price 

 for good milk that is allowed for that of a poorer 

 quality, is not justice. It must not he forgotten 

 tliat the cows that do not have clean water to 

 drink cannot produce healthy milk, and the 

 butter is also afTcctcd. Some dairymen are 

 inclined to impart tyranny to the creamery 

 operators on account of the stringent rules, but 

 the faults ascribed to tiie creamery managers 

 really belong to the careless dairymen who do 

 not pay attention to thequality of the milk from 

 their cows. It may be stated, also, that even the 

 cream will not always produce tlie same amount 

 of butter. It varies accordinir to the pasture and 

 concentratfd food given, which is anf>ther reason 

 why a test should always be made, and whe!i the 

 dairymen begin to realize that they cannot 

 receive justice unless the milk is all (rstcrl, they 

 will find that dairying is profitable according to 

 the skill of the dairyman, and the management 

 of his herd. 



BREAKING AND TRAINING STECItS. 



JSi/ E. A. CoUiiix, E. Hartland, Omn. 



Whatever may be the practice in other parts of 

 the country, in the hill towns of New England 

 oxen will always be a necessity. The soil is so 

 full of rocks and stone« that horses will not 

 answer. A few Ilioughts in regard to breaking 

 and training steers may be in order. Anyone 

 who lias a likely ])alrof Devon or Hereford steers, 

 and wishes to break them to work, should ado]>t 

 a plan somelhiuK like this: l.-<ict acquainted 

 with the steers, do not attempt to yoke them 

 until this is done. 2.-Put the yokes on them, but 

 be very careful not to frighten them in any way. 

 After this is done yoke them as often as conveni- 

 ent, the oftener the l)ettcr, always rt-membcring 

 to be very carcliil not ti) frighten tlu-ni. When 

 they learn not to bc afraid of the yoke or tlieir 

 driver they may bc driven around the barn-yard. 

 Always make them stop at the word "whoa." 

 A yoke of steady gfiing old oxen to guide the new 

 ones are a great convenience the tlrst few times 

 on the road. Treat (he oxen kindly, and they 

 will have tew or no bad tricks. Misuse them in 

 any way and they will always remember it, and 

 act accordingly. A well-broken pair of oxen 

 need very little talking to, and almost no punish- 

 ment. 



STOCK NOTES. 



Farm Horses.— In raising colts for farm pur- 

 poses the heavy draft stallions should boused, 

 for the reason that the farmers have no time nor 

 advantages for training roadsters, and unless 

 trained, no estimate of their value can be made. 

 A quiciv draft colt is valuable according to his 

 performances, which must be developed, but a 

 heavy draft colt can be easily broken ibr general 

 farm work, and will always command a fair 

 value in the nuirket. 



To make a stone floor for hog-pens, take large, 

 fiat stimes and lay them tlat side down on the 

 floor, then fill up all small places between the 

 stones with smaller ones, and cement all tight. 



Utilizing Garden Waste.— The tops of vege- 

 tables sometimes contain as much nutrition as 

 the desirable portion, and if carefully saved for 

 the pig and hens will be found of great advantage. 

 They provide early green food, and promote 

 health. 



Equal parts of oats and corn, and one-twentieth 

 part of linseed cake, ground with them, make a 

 good feed for horses. It will give a fine, sleek, 

 good coat, and will make a horse at the same 

 time very healthy. It will also keep horses from 

 contracting colds and diseases. ; 



Indigestion in Hogs.— If they refuse food give 

 half a teaspoonfui of copperas in the slop in the 

 morning, if they can be induced to eat, and at 

 night give half a pound of freshly burned char- 

 coal, placed where the hog can eat all that it 

 desires. It is important that the charcoal be 

 fresh, and not be allowed to remain in the pen. 



Oats and Peas p'or Cows.— Whero the family- 

 has a single cow, and a limited area of ground, an 

 economical method of providing green food is to 

 sow oats and peas together, and cut the same 

 for the cow. Sprinkle with a little meal, and add 

 a small quantity of salt, and it will bc highly 

 relished. On the farm the oats and peas will be 

 found excellent for sheep. 



Bogus Butter And Chee.se.— Stringent laws 

 are being enacted in the dilterent States to pro- 

 hibit the manufacture of butterine, but whilethe 

 law may bt-nefit some, it cannot stamp out tlie 

 evil entirely. Bogus cheese has killed itself, the 

 quality being so poor that it could not be sold, 

 and hundreds of tons are being used as fertilizer. 

 Good butter is always salable, and the demand 

 is greater than the supply. 



Bkkast Straps on Horses.— Never use a breast 

 strap in place of a collar, whether the horso is 

 worked to a v^agon or a buggy. With a good, 

 nicely-fltting collar a horse can draw nearly twice 

 as much, and feci more comfortable than with a 

 breast strap, which often indicts eruclty upon 

 him, owing to the fact that many persons make 

 no discriminations between the breast strap and 

 collar, expecting the horse to do the same work 

 under ail conditions. 



1^ A Condition Powder.— When cows and horses 

 ^se appetite, and refuse food altogether, unless 

 sWns of injury or other causes of dei)ression are 

 discernable, they may receive, twice a day, a 

 tablespoon fill of the following mixture, which 

 may be given in corn meal. One pound gentain, 

 one poun<l fenugreek, one ounce suljibur, one 

 ounce coi)peras, one pound black antimony, 8 

 ounces rosin, and 8 ounces bi-carbonate of soda 

 The ingredientsarecheap, and are found in nearly 

 all condition powders. 



M i:tton Sheep.— In sonic markets the carcasses 

 of sheep and lambs are hung up and displayed on 

 the stalls in order that they may l*e inspected. 

 The Knglish system of allowing the black feet to 

 remain on the quarters is being adopted, as the 

 practice indicates Southdown mutton, which is 

 always tlrst-class. As Southdowns and other 

 mutt<tn breeds are thus endorsed by purchaser 

 the farmer should endeavf)r to secure the best 

 prices by using rams of the several "Downs" 

 breeds with their common flocks. 



A Word for the Mule. -This much abused 

 animal is valuable on a farm, and for certain 

 kinds of work is especially so. as no better plow 

 team, <ir one for the liarrow, can be found. Some 

 of the best single teams wo find are mules, and 

 are as readily guided as a horse. They stand hot 

 weather far better than any other draft animal. 

 A team of mules is easily raised, free fropi dis- 

 eases, brings large prices, and is of ready sale. 

 We wonrler why farmers do not raise more of 

 them. Farmcrsyou can make more clear money 

 in raising mules than in any other kind of stock. 

 We want you to look into it. 



JERSEY !,T,'.'>V,fIV>,V,^.^,!?,:i: | JERSEY 



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