Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 225 



additional injections into the parts must be made as well 

 as punctures. With this treatment the tissues preserve 

 their vitality; the skin does not turn black but remains 

 red. The microbes are destroyed by the injected agents, 

 which act as antiseptics as well as antidotes." 



I have copied the treatment for snake bites from Dr. 

 Leonard Stejneger's elaborate work, entitled ''The Pois- 

 onous Snakes of North America," published by the Smith- 

 sonian Institution in 1895, 



Subclass napsida. 

 Primarily with single or united temporal arches. 



Order TESTUDINATA. 



The order Testudinata is divided into three suborders, 

 which may be defined as follows : 



No solid carapace, the vertebrae and ribs being separated from a 

 shell consisting of a mosaic of numerous small polygonal bony 

 plates imbedded in a leathery skin; no descending process of 

 the parietal bone; limbs without claws. Athecae. 



A solid carapace of a few large symmetrical bony plates, not sep- 

 arated from the underlying vertebrae and ribs; parietals with, 

 descending processes; limbs with at least one claw each. 



Body covered with horny scutes arranged differently from. 

 the bony plates beneath; epiplastra and hyoplastra in 

 contact, not separated by entoplastron. Center of last 

 cervical and first dorsal vertebrae articulating with each 

 other. Fourth digit never with more than three pha- 

 langes. Jaws covered by horny sheath, not concealed 

 under the fleshy lips. Laminifera. 



Body covered by an undivided leathery skin without scutes; 

 epiplastra separated by entoplastron from hyoplastra. 

 Last cervical vertebra articulating with first dorsal by 

 zygapophysis only. Fourth digit with more than three 

 phalanges. Jaws concealed under fleshy lips. 



Chilotae. 



Suborder LAMINIFERA. 



Distinguished by the horny plates which externally cover the shell. 



The horny-shelled turtles belong to two different super- 

 families, the Testudinoideae, corresponding to the groups 



