COLLECTING AND rRESERVING MARINE ALG.^. 25 



above, and the same directions as to times for collecting apply to 

 this as to the literal region. The lower portion of the sublitoral 

 zone, however, lies too deep for the wader to reach it even though 

 he be provided with a pair of high rubber boots (those worn by 

 fishermen and covering even the thigh are the best), as he should 

 be, and recourse must be had to a boat to assist in the collecting. 

 From the boat many of the species may be seized and hauled into it 

 by means of an ordinary garden rake, if the water be quiet enough, 

 and if the period about the time of low tide be selected. Otherwise 

 it will be necessary to use the dredge. The ordinary dredge, such 

 as is used by scallop-fishermen, will often yield very satisfactory 

 results; or grapnels, made either of iron or of stout wire, may be 

 employed. For really successful dredging with a dredge of any 

 size, steam power is necessary, not only to drag the dredge along 

 over the bottom, but also to haul the dredge up from any consider- 

 able depth. But, as a rule, the species to be reached only by means 

 of the dredge are few ; and a day spent in dredging, unless one has 

 the opportunity of using a large and expensive plant, is, as Farlow 

 has said in his "Marine Alga3 of New England," "a day wasted." 

 A.t the time of maturity, the algse of the deeper waters are more or 

 less readily torn away from their attachments, rise to the surface 

 or ?iear to it, and are drifted ashore. Consequently it is well to 

 examine the masses of driftweed driven ashore, especially after 

 storms, in search of these inhabitants of the deeper waters. 



3. From the Elitoral Zone. — The deepest waters inhabited by 

 algse are included under this designation, and the species of this 

 zone are to be obtained only by dredging or when they are detached 

 from their growing places and drifted ashore. Consequently what 

 has been said in connection with the lower sublitoral zone will apply 

 to this zone also. 



Localities Most Favorable for Collecting. — The most 

 favorable localities in the elitoral and lower sublitoral zones will 

 depend almost entirely upon the nature of the bottom and the 

 presence or absence of currents. Muddy and sandy bottoms are 

 devoid of algse, since there is nothing to which they may attach 

 themselves. Shelly and stony bottoms yield, as a rule, the richest 

 harvests, while rocky bottoms are good, but present either too rough 

 or too smooth surfaces, in the one case endangering the safety of the 



