no. 15.] ORIGINAL ACCOUNTS. 21 



"The only reason I can give for the change is that neither at our harbour at Reno 

 nor west of the point at Ellinghavn had we been so strongly exposed to the fresh-water 

 stream from the Pasvik River as in the middle of the channel. As after leaving Ren5 we 

 did not keep our reckoning, I cannot verify in the log, the speed given, but I am not far 

 wrong in what I have stated above, for the matter was thoroughly discussed at the time 

 and therefore became fixed in my memory. 



"Going towards Skoger Island we went about, but in tacking we got into dead-water 

 again; we, however, succeeded in going about, but the dead-water stuck to the ship even 

 after this. In the same manner as before, we were forced to work our way back again by 

 the help of the sails and the boats towing. We proceeded at a snail's pace and after 

 much struggling we dropped anchor at our last harbour at noon, while a steady fresh breeze 

 seemed to scoff at our helplessness. 



"The next day a southerly wind was blowing, and we got safely out of the BOg Fjord 

 and across Varanger Fjord to VadsO without any more trouble from dead-water." 



No. 11. Mr. G. Pedersen, shipmaster of Arendal, writes: 



"The Brig "Trio", 309 reg. tons and drawing 4'9 m., was on April 12th 1901 at ."» 

 p.m. about 4 miles north of Lappegrunden's lightship (Helsingor). Headed SSE. V2E. at 

 a speed of 4 knots through the water, for a westerly, uniform wind. The current in the 

 Sound ran northward. 



"The brig got into dead-water — I am unable to say whether it happened suddenly 

 or by degrees. The speed was lost, and the ship was as if nailed to the spot, but she 

 still answered her helm. She did not leave any wake farther aft than about 8 m. from 

 the stern, and the water round the ship was somewhat stripey. A barque sailed past us, 

 without being influenced by the dead-water. To get free, I poured half a gallon of pe- 

 troleum over the stem — but with no effect. Then I laid the helm hard a port and let 

 the ship get a good swing, and then laid hard starboard, and continued in that manner 

 for a while — with no effect. 



"At 8'45 p. m. the ship refused to answer her helm and headed about SE. for half 

 an hour. After that she suddenly went through east to north. I then braced round ; the 

 ship steered again, and I veered round through east and headed for the light-ship with no 

 feeling of the dead-water. 



"During the whole time from 5 to 9 p. m. we had a fresh westerly breeze, which, 

 under ordinary circumstances, and with all sails set, would have given the ship a speed of 

 4 or 5 knots. 



"The day before, we had dead-water for awhile off Kullen, but on this occasion there 

 was only a very light wind. 



"The worst regions of dead-water in which I have sailed, are the Kattegat, the Sound, 

 and the St. Lawrence River." 



No. 12. Mr. 0. Olsen, late shipmaster, of Kristiania, in the following 

 manner describes a case of dead-water, which he experienced in the spring, 

 several years ago. 



"I entered the Drammen Fjord with a laden schooner, 140 reg. tons and drawing 

 4 m. or a little more. The vessel was short, broad, and bluff, but generally steered well. 



"We passed Rodtangen in the forenoon with a fine breeze from about due aft; the 

 mainsail to port, veered off right up to the shrouds; bonnets starboard. Athwart Hohnsbo 

 she refused to answer her helm. We tried to manoeuvre with braces and sails, but to no 

 purpose. Then I let brace hard a port, had the bonnets hauled in, laid the helm hard a 

 port; and the ship went up in the wind on the starboard tack. As the whole area of the 

 sails could then work, it all at once appeared as if the vessel had been cut loose from a 

 mooring aft; and, after some manoeuvres, we sailed up to Svelvig at a rate of about 5 knots 



