26 EKMAN. ON DEAD-WATER. [NORW. POL. EXP. 



"The dead-water is more severe in the first part of the year — till Midsummer — than 

 later. It is mostly met with in westerly or south-westerly winds (sea-wind), probably be- 

 cause a greater quantity of fresh water is then heaped up in the fjord. At all events, 

 dead-water does not appear in the Fede Fjord during a land-wind. 



"A sharp-built and deep-drawing, laden vessel is more exposed to dead-water than one 

 flat-bottomed and drawing little water. Often, galeases of about 50 reg. tons, drawing laden, 

 3 or 4 m. of water and sailing at a speed of 6 or 8 knots, take dead-water and run 

 straight towards the shore; while at the same time modern, flat-bottomed vessels of 80 

 reg. tons drawing only 2 or 2'5 m. are not influenced by it. A vessel most easily takes 

 dead-water through bad steering, or on changing her course." 



No. 22. The account No. 38 below (by Mr. Olsen Rod) had the follow- 

 ing supplement: 



"I have several times, before and afterwards, experienced dead-water, though in a 

 moderate degree. Thus I have met with it in the Kristiania Fjord, especially between 

 Fulehuk and Bcidtangen and in the Frier Fjord. On the North Sea, in the Channel, or 

 on the Atlantic, I have never observed it, and only slightly in the Baltic." 



No. 23, A Dutch naval officer, Lieutenant G. van Hulstyn, has reported 



a case of dead-water in the Kristiania Fjord: 



"In the month of July 1888 H. M. "Nautilus" sailed northward past Fcerder for Kri- 

 stiania. In the fjord we had fair wind of strength 6 (Beaufort) and made 5 or 6 knots. 

 At a certain moment the ship lost her head-way, although the sails stood filled. The Nor- 

 wegian pilot called the phenomenon by the name of "dead-water". After some time the 

 ship again recovered her head-way." 



No. 24. According to Mr. L. H. Larssen, of Drammen, they are much troubled by 

 dead-water there, in spring and autumn. In summer and winter there is dead-water only 

 after strong SW.-winds. 



No. 25. Mr. H. Halvorsen, ofj Kristiania, writes: 



"In the month of July, probably in the year 1887, I was towing a 600 tons' lighter 

 up the East Arm of the Glommen. The wind blew astern, and the lighter was being 

 towed at 5 or 6 knots, when off Futerod, she fell into dead-water and did not progress as 

 much as one cable's length (200 m.) during fully three hours. She could not be kept on 

 her course, either by rudder or by help of the towing-rope. This was also the case with 

 another lighter in the same situation. The dead-water let go its hold suddenly." 



No. 26. From a letter from Captain A. Macfie, of Falkenberg, the fol- 

 lowing may be extracted: 



"On the west coast of Sweden dead-water is often experienced in feeble wind or calm 

 weather. Very often it occurs off the two mouths of the Gota River, but also in other 

 places, where no river disembogues. Among several cases, I have experienced, the follow- 

 ing may be mentioned: 



"1) With a cargo-steamer of feeble engine power, off Elfsborg on the mouth of the 

 Gota Biver. Head-way almost lost. 



