NO. 16.] ORIGINAL ACCOUNTS. 27 



"2) When towing a large vessel near Kattan (inside Marstrand). Made no head-way 

 but drifted back with the current. Got free through stirring up the water before the vessel 

 with the screw-propeller, and after that, made 7 knots. 



"3) Also when towing a large vessel. Head-way almost lost. Got free through shor- 

 tening the tow-rope." 



No. 27. Captain S. Scott-Hansen has reported a case of dead-water in 

 the Kattegat, about 16 miles SE. of Skagen. 



"It happened to the Norwegian corvette the "Nordstjernen" in the night between May 

 21st and 22nd 1897. During the time the ship had dead-water, she turned right against 

 the rudder, although the sails stood filled. Aft in the wake there was a splashing sound, 

 as when the wavelets strike a shore — a peculiar sound, which is not heard when the 

 ship makes head-way." 



No. 28. Admiral H. Koch, of Kjobenhavn, relates: 



"The corvette "Valkyrien", probably in the summer of 1853, met with a case of dead- 

 water off Fornces, in Jutland. The wind was southerly — a light breeze; current southerly. 

 For several hours we could not advance by beating, but drifted to leeward with the dead- 

 water to windward." 



No. 29. Lieutenant 0. Wallander relates, that the Swedish frigate "Wanadis" got 

 into dead-water north of Anholt in the Kattegat on May 13th 1889. Slight, north-easterly 

 winds. After some manoeuvres — all to no purpose — the screw-propeller was set in mo- 

 tion, and then the dead-water disappeared." 



No. 30. On Aug. 4th 1899 the corvette "Freja" (see Account No. 13) met with dead- 

 water in the Kattegat between Anholt and Kullen. The wind was very slight, but the 

 ship soon got free again. 



In the same summer H. M. brig "Gladan" is said to have met with a case of dead- 

 water in the Kattegat. 



No. 31. An old sailor, Captain Isaksen, of Fredrikstad, has told me that even in 

 the North Sea he has observed dead-water ; but only under feeble "Catspaws" which, under 

 ordinary circumstances, would have given the ship a slight motion. 



No. 32. Mr. Sandstrom, of Sundsvall (on the Bothnian coast of northern 

 Sweden) has mentioned the following event that happened there, several years 



ago: 



"A vessel was to be towed away from her haven in the Sound inside Alno; but the 

 tug could hardly move the vessel from the spot; it was as if she were stuck in the mud. 

 Only when they came farther out from the haven did the speed increase, and the towing 

 became easy. Many people had seen the struggle of the tug and were much astonished. 

 Possibly this case may have been owing to dead-water. At the ends of Alno Sound two 

 rivers empty themselves into the sea." 



Collection of accounts of dead-rvater beyond Scandinavia. 



No. 33. According to Kommandorkaptein Joh. Kroepelien, the late Rear Admiral G. 

 von Krogh, formerly instructor of seamanship, used to speak of dead-water and its causes, 

 in his lectures. He often dwelt on the troublesome dead-water off the great river mouths 

 of South America. 



