RICHARD CHANCELOR a.d. 



1553- 



climing up with the helpe of his teeth. The Russes use 



to take them, for the great vertue that is in their teeth, 



whereof they make as great accompt, as we doe of the 



Elephants tooth. These commodities they cary upon 



Deeres backes to the towne of Lampas : and from thence 



to Colmagro, and there in the winter time, are kept great 



Faires for the sale of them. This Citie of Colmagro, 



serves all the Countrey about it with salt, and salt fish. 



The Russians also of the North parts, send thither oyle, 



which they call traine, which they make in a river 



called II Una, although it be also made elsewhere : and O, Dtoina 



here they use to boile the water of the sea, whereof they 



make very great store of salt. 



Of controversies in Lawe, and how they are 



ended. 



HAving hitherto spoken so much of the chiefest 

 Cities of Russia, as the matter required : it remaineth 

 that we speake somewhat of the lawes, that the Moscovits 

 doe use, as farre foorth as the same are come to our 

 knowledge. If any controversie arise among them, 

 they first make their Landlords Judges in the matter, 

 and if they cannot end it, then they preferre it to the 

 Magistrate. The plaintif craveth of the said Magistrate, 

 that he may have leave to enter law against his adversarie : 

 and having obtained it, the officer fetcheth the defendant, 

 and beateth him on the legges, till he bring forth a suretie 

 for him : but if he be not of such credite, as to procure 

 a surety, then are his hands by an officer tied to his 

 necke, and he is beaten all the way, till he come before 

 the Judge. The Judge then asketh him (as for ex- 

 ample in the matter of debt) whether he oweth any 

 thing to the plaintife. If he denies it, then saith the 

 Judge, How canst thou deny it ? the defendant answereth, 

 By an othe : thereupon the officer is commaunded to 

 cease from beating of him, untill the matter be further 

 tried. They have no Lawyers, but every man is his 

 owne Advocate, and both the complaint of the accuser, 



263 



