CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 



VI. Grazing Indicators — Continued. 



OVERGRAZING. 



Nature 295 



Causes 297 



Indicators of overgrazing 297 



Societies as indicators 298 



Halfshrubs as indicators 299 



Cacti as indicators 300 



Shrubs as indicators 300 



Annuals as indicators 301 



Prairie and plains indicators 302 



Desert plains indicators 302 



Bunch-grass prairie indicators 303 



Great Basin indicators 304 



Overgrazing in the past 304 



Succession and cycles 307 



Relation of tall-grasses and short-grasses . 308 

 Overgrazing cycles 309 



RANGE IMPROVEMENT. 



History 310 



Prerequisites 311 



Essential factors 312 



Proper stocking 312 



Rotation grazing 314 



Rodent eradication 316 



Eradication of poisonous plants 317 



Eradication of weeds and cacti 319 



Eradication of brush 320 



Manipulation of the range 321 



Plant introduction on the range 322 



Prerequisites for seeding and planting 324 



New investigations 326 



Forage development 327 



Water development 328 



Herd management 329 



ESSENTIALS OF A GRAZING POLICY. 



A proper land system , 330 



Esbentials ' . 330 



PAGE. 



VI. Grazing Indicators — Continued. 



essentials of a grazing POLICY — continued. 



The Kent grazing bill 331 



Classification and range surveys 334 



Production cycles 334 



Ranch management surveys 335 



VII. Forest Indicators. 



Nature 336 



Kinds of indicators 336 



FOREST TYPES. 



Bases 337 



Comparison of views 342 



Forest sites 343 



Succession as a basis 344 



Significance 345 



climatic and edaphic indicators. 



Climatic indicators 345 



Edaphic indicators 348 



Water-content indicators 348 



Light indicators 349 



Site indicators 349 



Growth as an indicator 350 



Burn indicators 353 



Grazing indicators 355 



Cycle indicators 357 



planting indicators. 



Kinds 357 



Prerequisites for planting and sowing .... 358 



Use of climatic cycles 359 



Reforestation indicators 359 



Afforestation indicators 362 



Bibliography 364 



Index 375 



