HISTORICAL. 



23 



" (15) After the first area selected has been revegetated, it may be grazed 

 at the usual time and another area set aside for deferred grazing. 



"This plan of rotation from one area to another should be continued, even 

 after the entire range has been revegetated, in order to maintain the vigor of 

 the forage plants and to allow the production of an occasional seed crop." 



Jardine, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1913.— Jardine has made a careful study of the 

 relation of coyote-proof pastures to carrying capacity, and finds that the 

 latter is nearly 100 per cent greater than under the usual method of herding 

 in large bands. This is due to the fact that the sheep graze much more 

 openly and do much less trailing, with the result that the vegetation is trampled 

 very much less (1908:31, 1909:38). 



The establishment of grazing reconnoissances on the six forest districts and 

 the organization of a method by Jardine in 1911 marked the beginning of an 

 adequate system of grazing on the National Forests. This work has yielded 

 a large number of facts of importance in connection with grazing indicators. 

 Although it has never been published, its value is such as to warrant a brief 

 abstract of it here. The main object of the reconnoissance was to secure a 

 map classifying all the land of each National Forest into grazing types, and 

 the location of each type, its carrying capacity and nature, whether winter, 

 summer, or year-long range. The field notes dealt with the dominant species 

 of each type, the density of ground cover expressed in tenths, the degree of 

 utilization, and the presence of poisonous plants and range-destroying animals. 

 Of most interest to the student of indicator plants is the system of types and 

 subtypes which is outlined below. As quadrats gradually came into use in 

 connection with reconnoissance, the latter is now intensive to some degree in 

 its methods. 



Type 1. Open grassland other than meadow 

 and secondary meadow. 

 Subtypes: bunch-grass, grama grass. 

 Type 2. Meadows. 



Subtypes: wet meadow, dry or secondary 

 meadow. 

 Type 3. Weed. 

 Type 4. Browse. 

 Type 5. Sagebrush. 



Type 6. Timber, with a cover of grasses, 

 weeds, and browse. 



Subtypes: pine-grass, weeds, browse. 

 Type 7. Waste range. 



Subtypes: waste timber, waste brush. 

 Type 8. Barren land. 

 Type 9. Woodland. 

 Type 10. Aspen. 



Wooton, 1915, 1916. — In his discussion of the factors affecting range man- 

 agement in New Mexico, Wooton (1915:20, 23) has touched incidentally upon 

 grazing indicators. The bulletin on the carrying capacity of ranges in southern 

 Arizona (1916) continues the studies carried on by Griffiths from 1903 to 

 1910. Five associations are recognized, and an interesting account is given 

 of the secondary succession following plowing in the crowfoot-grama and the 

 six-weeks grass communities. Of especial interest is the account of carrying 

 capacity as determined by cut-quadrats, and by actual grazing tests in the 

 various pastures. The conclusions are grouped under the following heads: 



Recovery.— The revegetation above 3,200 feet had become marked in about 

 three years after fencing. This improvement has continued, but more and 

 more slowly each year, indicating that the normal condition is being reached. 

 Below 3,200 feet, the rate of recovery has been slower and hence it should 



