LIFE-FORMS. 



61 



On this basis, Drude makes three great divisions in which he recognizes 

 55 types and many subtypes. 



I. Aerophytes (woody plants, perennial and 

 annual herbs). 



1 . Monocotyl tuft-trees : Sabal, Yucca . 



2. Monocotyl palm shrubs and limes: 



Bactris, Calamus. 



3. Dwarf palms: Nipa. 



4. Tree-ferns and cycads: Cyathea, 



Cycas. 



5. Needle-leaved woody plants. 



6. Dicotyl trees. 



7. Dicotyl shrubs and bushes. 



8. Dicotyl woody lianes. 



9. Mangrove-form. 



10. Lobelia-form. 



11. Tree-grasses: Bambusa. 



12. Smilaceous bushes and lianes: 



Smilax, Ruscus. 



13. Leafless dicotyl rushwood and 



thorn bushes : Casuarina, Ephe- 

 dra, Spartium. 



14. Few-leaved columnar woody plants : 



Adenium, Tumboa. 



15. Stemmed evergreen rosette succu- 



lents: Agave, Sempervivum. 



16. Dicotyl stem succulents : Cactaceae. 



17. Dicotyl dwarf shrubs: Calluna, 



Artemisia, Dryas. 



18. Woody parasites : Loranthus. 



19. Monocotyl giant herbs: Musa, 



Bromelia. 



20. Monocotyl root-climbers: Mons- 



tera. 



21. Rosette ferns and cycads: Aspid- 



ium. 



22. Tuber-stemmed epiphytes: Bulbo- 



phyllum, Myrmecodia. 



23. Perennial and renascent grasses: 



Andropogon, Poa, Carex. 



24. Sedges and rushes with suppressed 



leaves: Juncus, Scirpus. 



25. Erect half -shrubs: Ruta. 



26. Half-shrubs with creeping stems 



or offshoots : Linnaea. 



27. Dicotyl cushion-plants: Raoulia, 



Silene acaulis. 



28. Succulent cushion-plants: Aloe, 



Mesembryanthemum. 



29. Biennial and perennial rosettes: 



Pulsatilla, Verbascum. 



30. Renascent and annual climbers: 



Dioscorea, Ipomoea. 



31. Renascent multicipital herbs: Peu- 



cedanum, Galium. 



32. Geophilous rootstock plants: Iris, 



Circaea, Equisetum. 



I. Aerophytes (woody plants, perennial and 



annual herbs) — continued. 



33. Geophilous tuber plants: Orchis, 



Cyclamen. 



34. Geophilous bulb plants: Allium, 



Oxalis. 



35. Monocotyl therophytes: Eragrostis. 



36. Dicotyl therophytes: Chenopodium. 



37. Dicotyl short-lived herbs: Koenigia. 



38. Saprophytic and parasitic herbs: 



Corallorhiza, Monotropa, 

 Cuscuta. 



II. Water plants: 



39. Amphibious slime-rooted plants 



with aerial leaves: Sagittaria, 

 Nelumbo, Marsilea, Equisetum. 



40. Amphibious free-swimming plants 



with aerial leaves: Pistia, Eich- 

 hornia. 



41. Amphibious plants rooting on 



stones: Podostemaceae. 



42. Hydrophytes with rooting axis and 



immersed leaves: Isoetes, Zos- 

 tera, Lobelia. 



43. Hydrophytes with rooting axis and 



floating leaves: Potamogeton, 

 Nymph aea. 



44. Free-swimming hydrophytes : 



Lemna, Utricularia, Azolla. 

 HI. Life forms of mosses and thallophy tes : 



A. Aerophytes: 



45. Terrestrial cushion-mosses: Leuco- 



bryum. 



46. Terrestrial tall-stemmed mosses: 



Polytrichum. 



47. Terrestrial and epiphytic mat- 



mosses: Hypnum, Frullania. 



48a. Petrophilous creeping mosses, 

 chiefly liverworts: Marchantia, 

 Jungermannia. 



486. Petrophilous mat- and cushion- 

 mosses: Georgia, Andreaea. 



B. Hygrophytes and hydrophytes : 

 49. Bog mosses: Sphagnum. 



50a. Streaming mosses : Fontinalis. 

 506. Forming mats in water: Aneura, 

 Scapania. 



51. Epiphytic lichens : Usnea. 



52. Fruticose and foliose lichens on 



rocks and earth : Cetraria, Um- 

 bilicaria, Cladonia. 



53. Crustose lichens : Lecanora. 



54. Forms of marine algae, green algae, 



bluegreen algae, etc. 



55. Forms of saprophytic and para- 



sitic fungi. 



