THE PINE-OAK WOODLAND. 203 



"At about 3,000 feet, the gray-leaf pine (Pinus sabiniana) begins, inter- 

 mixed with a few Nevada nut pines (P. monophylla) . " (8) 



"The tree (P. sabiniana) did not form a forest at any point, but grew with 

 nut pines scattered about in open places or chaparral slopes." (223) 



" Juniperus californica was found to occur to some extent in both the chap- 

 arral belt and that of Douglas's oak." (225) 



This correlation of the California woodland seems also to furnish the 

 explanation of the anomaly described by Parish (1903 : 221) : 



"In the upper end of Antelope Valley, the orographical confusion which 

 there exists has given rise to a curious phytogeographical anomaly. Here 

 Pinus sabiniana, Quercus douglasii, and Q. wislizenii, trees characteristic of 

 the western slope of the Sierra Nevada throughout central California, coming 



trough Tejon Pass, find themselves on the eastern slope of that range, and 

 the unusual sight is presented of desert foothills clothed with an almost 

 unmixed growth of scrub-oaks." 



The dominants of the pine-oak woodland correspond somewhat closely 

 with those of the oak-cedar association. Pinus sabiniana is representative of 

 the pirions, especially P. cembroides. Juniperus californica corresponds with 

 J. pachyphloea, J. monosperma, or J. sabinoides. Quercus douglasii is the 

 counterpart of Q. reticulata and its varieties, and Q. wislizenii is related to 

 Q. hypoleuca and perhaps even more closely to Q. emoryi. The two associa- 

 tions occupy the same relative position with reference to montane forest, 

 chaparral, desert scrub, and grassland. Both show a preference for rough 

 topography and dry unstable slopes, and are in consequence much mixed with 

 chaparral. The oaks of both associations likewise regularly give rise to 

 savannah where they come in contact with grassland. In both cases the 

 cor act is with associations of the grassland climax, though in the California 

 the original r6le of Stipa in the savannah is almost completely obscured by the 

 dominance of the ruderal species of Avena and Bromus (plate 47). 



This association is limited to California and Lower California. It extends 

 from the general region of Mount Shasta southward along the foothills and 

 mountain slopes to the San Pedro Martir Mountains of Lower California. 

 In the central part of California, it ranges from the Sierra Nevada to the 

 mountains along the coast, but toward the south it is restricted chiefly to the 

 San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Cuyamaca Mountains. 



DOMINANTS. 



Pinus sabiniana. Juniperus californica utahensis. Pinus edulis quadrifolia. 



Quercus douglasii. Juniperus occidentalis. Pinus cembroides. 



Quercus wislizenii. Pinus edulis monophylla. Yucca arborescens. 



Juniperus californica. 



The two most typical dominants are Pinus sabiniana and Quercus douglasii, 

 and these give the character from Mount Shasta southward to the foothills 

 of Antelope Valley and the Mohave Desert. Quercus wislizenii and Juni- 

 perus californica are not infrequent associates, but they are less frequent as 

 codominants. They extend southward into Lower California and hence are 

 more often associated with the pifions. The latter seem to meet Pinus sabin- 

 iana and Quercus douglasii only in the neighborhood of Tejon Pass and 

 Tehachapi Pass. South of these points it is often difficult if not impossible to 



