36 



THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. 



due quanti'y of elastic fluid wilhia the dough has been found { coutair.cd air which, expanded by heat throughout all the 



absolutely necessary to be corapli'te before placing it in the 

 oven, becauie ai soon as the douijh is thee inlroluced, the 

 process of frruieutation is checked, otd it is the previotisly- 



parts of the rntire system of eacli loaf, swells out its whole 

 volume, ami aires it the piled and vesicular ?'ractiirc. — From 

 The Penny Cydopiedia. 



CANADA, AS A FIELD FOR SETTLEMENT. 



We have from time to time direcled prominent at- 

 tention to the pro\ince of Canaila, as a field for settle- 

 ment, because of its proximity, of its suitability for the 

 extension of Knglish agriculture, and of its rapid pro- 

 gress in all the elements of wealth and ijrospcrity. A 

 piper recently read by Prof. J. Wilson deserves .special 

 notice, bei au*e of the fulness, atithenticiiy, and recent 

 date of itsst.itistics, and its utility therefore as a reliable 

 handbook for emigrants. 



The Canada of I808 is a very different colony to 

 what it was even eifjht uv ten years ago. It is now 

 peopled by two millions and a-halfof settlers — as many 

 souls as this great metropolis contains. It has over 

 1,050 miles of railroads in operation, besides several 

 Imndred more in course of construction ; it has splendid 

 canals, and natural water- communication , and telegraph 

 wires conveying information from one end of the pro- 

 vince to the other, at a charge bo low as to put to 

 shame this and all other countries. Its public works 

 and buildings are on a magnificent scale — witness the 

 Victoria Tubular Bridge now forming across the St. 

 Lawrence. 



The amount of tonnage frequenting its ports and 

 waters surpasses that to any other British colony. Its 

 imports reach £11,000,000 or i:12, 000,000 a year, 

 and its exports £'8,000,000 or £9,000,000, equal to 

 nearly £4 per head of the population. 



British industry has cleared forests in the Ottawa 

 valley, and opened up a new field for settlement, of 

 which the city of Ottawa, now made the capital of the 

 province, is the centre. Free grants of land have been 

 thrown open to those who will avail themselves of 

 them— an iinexamphd privilege at present in the 

 British colonics. So fast is the founlry filling up, that 

 the coh.nial government are even now looking out for 

 extended boundaries, and wiU hive the fine field of the 

 Red Hiver settlement, formerly held by the Hudson's 

 Bay Company, whenever they are prepared to fit it for 

 settlers by opening road communication, &c. But 

 there is yet abundance of land lying idle in Canada, 

 wailing for industry to render it prolific. 



From the last report of the Commissioner of Crown 

 Lands it appears the total number of acrrs of surveyed 

 land unsold in Canada is about n,7oO,000, and of un- 

 surveytd 108,800,000, which, added to private lands 

 undisposed of, makes a total, in that part of Canada 

 drained by the St. Lawrence and its tributaries, con- 

 jectured at 212,000,000 acres. Of this quantity there 

 were in Western Canada 8;)0,.3'.)8 .surveyed, and 

 57,770,.'i00 unsurveycd; and in Eastern Canada 

 800,000 surveyed, and 112,000,000 unsurveycd. 



The price of the crown lands set apart for actual 



settlement is payaijie in two ways : first, in money, at 

 the lowest rate and on the easiest terms ; and second, 

 in labour and occupation, of an equally specific and 

 definite descriptio;). There is not a town or a village, 

 from the (iulf of the St. Lawrence to Lake Huron, that 

 was a century since a part of the vast wilderness trod- 

 den and hunted over by the Indian, that does not prove 

 that colonisation may be made the source of boundless 

 wealth. 



The classes ino<t likely to succeed in Canada are, 

 first, men of speculative enterprise, and possessed of 

 some ca])ital, which tin y are willing to hazard in colo- 

 nial investments; next, persons of limited incomes, 

 determined to make provision for future comfort ; and, 

 lastly, those whose patrimony lies in the labour of their 

 hands. The great extent of rich land, free from heavy 

 impost or burden, has hitherto caused the chief atten- 

 tion of the colonists to be devoted to the raising of agri- 

 cultural produce for export. The productions of the 

 field arc indeed the true tests of a country's wealth aud 

 progress ; and by these we can form the safest estimates 

 of its present as well as future capabilities. Now, the 

 value of the animal and vegetable produce of Canada 

 has more than quadrupled in tlie last six years. In 

 1856 it was valued at nearly £4,000,000 sterling. In 

 1851 the gross wheat produce amounted to rather more 

 than 1G,(;00,000 bi;sheLs, in 1856 it was 26,500,000; 

 raising the return from about 9 bushels to 10^ bushels 

 ptr head of the population. 



Last year we imported 115,000 quarters of wheat, 

 besides fiour, from British North Ani', rica; and in other 

 years our wants may be much larger. With the United 

 States, under the reciprocity treaty, a large and profit- 

 able trade is being carried on ; and we need not point 

 attention here to the immense and valuable jiroducts of 

 the forest, yielding a large revenue to the lumberers 

 for their timber, spars, ashes, &c. But Canada has 

 been also i)aying special attention to the rearing of live 

 stock ; and under all the heads of dofticstic cattle, she 

 now stands before the American state of Ohio, one of 

 the most enterprising and advantageously situate in 

 the Union. 



The Leviatlian, which is to make her first voyage to 

 Piirtland, will doubtless carry over a large number of 

 passengers destined for Canada. The cheapening and 

 shortening the Atlantic passage, and the successful 

 deposit of tiie ocean submarine cable, will be new links 

 drawing closer the communication with the mother- 

 country. Last year saw an increa.sed emigration to 

 Canada; and doubtless this year will see more go. We 

 wish them all well. Those who go and those who stay 

 are mutually beneficial to each other. And sure we 



