246 



Trials of nozzles. — The leading requisites of a good nozzle are stated 

 to be '' ability to throw a cojiions, forcible, and fiue spraj', and some bandy 

 means of graduating or varying the same." Various kinds of nozzles 

 in common use are referred to and two devised at tbe station are 

 described and illustrated. The first of these is a bush nozzle ; the 

 other is for use iu spraying large trees. The essential feature in both 

 is an arrangement for compressing the end of a rubber tube or hose by 

 means of a lever to which is attached a cord passing to the hand of the 

 operator, who by tightening or releasing the cord varies the spray as he 

 desires. 



New York Cornell Station, Bulletin No. 19, August, 1890 (pp. 16). 



Report upon the condition of fruit growing in Western 

 New York, L. H. Bailey, M. S. (pp. 45-58, illustrated).— This is a 

 report on investigations to get light on the causes of the general failure 

 of fruit this season in Western New York. 



So far as I am aware, there have been no general in vestigat ions to show why blossoms 

 fail to set fruit, although the subject is eminently worthy the attention of investigators. 

 It was so late in the season when we learned of the condition of the orchards that 

 definite study of the causes of the falling of the bloom could not be undertaken ; yet 

 something has been learned, and the subject has been opened for research. Regard- 

 ing the present condition of the trees themselves, which is far from satisfactory, more 

 definite information can be presented. 



The spring was exceedingly wet and mostly cool. When the orchards were in 

 bloom unusually heavy rains fell, and the leaves of apples, pears, and quinces began 

 to blight. The rains were succeeded by drought, which, in some sections, became 

 severe. 



The author is by no means convinced that the occurrence of cold and 

 heavy rains at time of blooming will prevent fertilization of flowers, the 

 iact probably being that these meteorological conditions greatly favor 

 the growth of injurious fungi, which destroy the fruit. Investigations 

 by the author and Professor Dudley shgwed the wide prevalence of the 

 apple scab {Fiisicladium dendriticum)^ and this is held largely respon- 

 sible for the failure of the apple crop. Pear trees have been much in- 

 jured by the closely related species {Fusicladium pyrinum)^ and quinces 

 by the quince-leaf blight {Entomosporium maculatum). The use of 

 copper compound for these diseases is advocated and formulas for their 

 preparation are given. 



Peaches have had at least three different enemies this year, curl leaf 

 [Taphrina deformans)^ the curculio, and the yellows. Raspberries have 

 been injured by authracnose and cane rust {Gloeosporium venetum or 

 G. necator), and the strawberry blight [Sphevrella fragariw) has been 

 prevalent in some sections and upon some varieties. The rots and mil- 

 dews of grapes have appeared in many places in Western New York. 



Fruit growers are advised to consider the advisability of endeavoring 

 to secure a State law looking toward the control of contagious plant 

 diseases. 



