HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS 



50b. Mandibles large and stout never overlapping or crossing each 

 other. Fig. 106 most NEUROPTERA page 140 



The pupae of this order are free, enclosed in a silken 

 cocoon, curved with the head and tip of abdomen near 

 each other, and with all the appendages visible. Pupa- 

 tion occurs in the soil or in moss, etc. The pupae ore 

 able to work their way out to the surface. 



Fig. 106. Pupa 

 of Corydalus 

 cornutus (L.). 



Fig. 107. Pupar- 

 ium of Zonose- 

 mata electa 



(Say). 



51a. All appendages invisible on exterior, the ectol sur- 

 face smooth or made up of concentric rings, usual- 

 ly resembling a barrel with two ends somewhat 

 similar (blunt); caudal and thoracic spiracles of last 

 larval stage usually visible as remnants or scars; 

 this hardened or leathery larval exuviae (called 

 puparium) contains a pupa or a hibernating larva 

 within; coarctate type. Fig. 107. 

 chiefly CYCLORRHAPHA, Order DIPTERA page 189 



51b. The cases possessing the appendages of the developing adult 

 visible on the lateral and ventral aspects of the thorax, yet more 

 or less fused to each other and in most instances to the body 

 covering; obtect type ., . . 52 



52a. Distinct respiratory projecting 

 organs present on the dorsoce- 

 phalic region; one pair of wings. 

 Fig. 108. 



chiefly NEMATOCERA, 



Order DIPTERA page 189 



Fig. 108. Pupa and cocoon of 

 Simulium venustum Say. 

 (U.S.D.A.) 



53 



