HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS 



52b. Distinct respiratory projecting organs absent on the dorsocephal- 

 ic region; spiracles usually present on mesothorax and some of 

 the abdominal segments; functional mandibles absent (except 

 among Micropterygoidea); paired galeae of maxillae usually pre- 

 sent along ventro-meson; antennae adjacent to mesal margins of 

 wings; 2 pairs of wings, outer pair may conceal inner pair. 

 Fig. 109 most LEPIDOPTERA page 149 



The lepidopterous pupae are of 2 main types: 

 (1) the Incompletae which have the appendages 

 often partially free and more than 3 of the ab 

 dominal segments are mobile. Dehiscence is ac- 

 companied by the freeing of segments and ap- 

 pendages previously fixed. The pupae exhibit 

 considerable power of motion, usually emerg- 

 ing from the cocoon to allow of the escape of 

 the adult. (2) The Obtectae which are smooth 

 and rounded and the only free segments in both 

 sexes ore the 4th, 5th and 6th. Dehiscence takes 

 place by an irregular fracture. The pupa rare- 

 ly emerges from the cocoon and a cremaster is 

 generally present. 





sa^iisCt 



Pupa of the 

 European corn borer, 

 Pyrausta nubilalis 



(Hubner). 



PICTURED-KEYS TO FAMILIES 



ORDER PROTURA 



la. Mesa- and metathoracic spiracles and trachea present. 



Fig. 110 Family EOSENTOMIDAE 



Practically nothing is known concerning the life 

 histories of the proturans. They have been found in 

 damp situations under leaves, bark and stones, in 

 rotten wood, decaying vegetation, turf and himius 

 soils. 



Fig. 110. Eosen- 

 tomen ribogai 



Berlese. 



lb. Spiracles and trachea absent 2 



54 



