HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS 



7b. Body cylindrical or flattened; if somewhat spindle-shaped, the 



front extends upwards to vertex 8 



8a. Head with 1 ocellus on each side, or none 9 



8b. Head with 6 ocelli on each side 11 



9a. Front triangular; ocellus at front. 



Fig. 420 Family ERIOCRANIIDAE 



The caterpillars mine in 

 leaves. The pupae possess 

 toothed mandibles. They are 

 closely related to the MICRO- 

 Fig. 420. Mncmonlea aurleyoneo WIshm.. pxERYGIDAE 



9b. Front quadrangular; ocellus lateral 10 



10a. Front widest at posterior end; body usually flattened; prolegs 



when present, on 3rd to 5th abdominal segments. 



Fig. 421 Family GRACILARIIDAE 



The larvae are of two types: the young have a flat 

 head, ocelli very small and variable in number. They 

 are miners of leaves, bark, or fruits. The full-grown 

 caterpillars are cylindrical, with normal head, prolegs 

 well developed on the 3rd to 5th abdominal segments- 

 They mine, or web, or skeletonize the leaves. The azalea 

 leaf miner, Gracilaria azaleella Brants imported from 



Japan to the United States is a pest in green house. 

 Fig. 421. Litho- 

 colletis homodry- 

 oJelio Clemens 

 (round form lar- 

 va). 



10b. Front widest at anterior end; body cylindrical; prolegs on 2nd 

 to 7th abdominal segments. Fig. 422 FamUy NEPTICULIDAE 



They are called serpentine miners. The caterpillar is 

 minute, about 2.5 to 10 mm. long. They mine in leaves 

 and sometimes in fruits and bark. The mines are linear 

 or serpentine. Certain species of Ectoedemia are gall 

 makers. Pupation occurs in a cocoon in the soil. 



Fig. 422. Plum 

 leof-miner, Nep- 

 f ic u I o slinger- 

 londella Kft. 



152 



