HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS 



39b. Tip of abdomen with a cremaster or hooked cremastrcd setae; 

 mesothoracic legs not touching maxillary palpi; 5th abdominal 

 segment with a special ridge. Fig. 522 Family NOCTUIDAE 



522. Popoip*- 

 nebris Gn. $ 



The pupal stage passes in various ways: some 

 make loose cocoons in leaves, some enter the soil 

 for pupation, many pupate under debris on the 

 surface of the ground. 



The more than 20,000 species of this great family 

 vary so widely in size and habits that anything said 

 about the family must be of a general nature. Many 

 of the species ore highly economic and some of the 

 most destructive plant pests fall in this group. Any 

 collecting trip is hkely to turn up some of their 

 pupae. 



40a. The scars of larval warts with setae not arranged in circles. 



Family NOCTUIDAE 



40b. The scars of larval with setae arranged in circles. 



Fig. 523 Family LYMANTRIIDAE 



Fig. 523. Hem- 

 •rocompo leucos- 

 Ngma S. & A. 



Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon which 

 is sometimes mixed with body setae. 



The pupae of the white marked tussock moth, here 

 taken as an example of the family, are easily located 

 since they are often wrapped in a dead leaf attached 

 to the tree or other food plant. The wingless female 

 after emergence and fertilization usually deposits her 

 eggs upon the cocoon and covers them with a white 

 coat which is weatherproof but which makes the 

 whole assembly more conspicuous. 



185 



