HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS 



49a. Antennae usually filiiorm, the greatest width rarely greater than 

 that of the prothoracic legs, ii greater, then cremaster always 

 present; antennae never more than % the length of wings; epi- 

 cranial suture always wanting; scar of dorsal horn of 8th abdom- 

 inal segment usually present; labial palpi never visible. 

 Fig. 529 Family SPHINGIDAE 



Fig. 529. Tobacco homworm, 

 Protoparce sexto (Johans- 

 sen). 



Pupation takes place in the ground in 

 an earthen cell which is made by the 

 soil and the body fluid. A few species 

 pupate on the surface of the ground in a 

 simple cocoon composed of leaves fasten- 

 ed with silk. 



49b. Antennae usually broader near the proximal end, their greatest 

 width usually greater than that of the prothoracic legs; antennae 

 usually more than Va length of wings, if not, then epicranial su- 

 ture is present, or the cremaster is wanting, or if present then bi- 

 furcate at the distal end or bearing hooked setae; dorsum of ab- 

 domen usually with a deep groove between 9th and 10th abdom- 

 inal segments; scar of dorsal horn of 8th abdominal segment never 

 present; labial palpi sometimes visible 50 



50a. Maxillae usually more than 3/5 length of wings; if not, then the 

 caudal end of body with hooked setae, or 3rd abdominal spiracle 

 concealed by wings; prothoracic femur often exposed; a deep 

 furrow usually present on the dorsum of abdomen between the 

 9th and 10th segments. Fig. 530 Family GEOMETRIDAE 



Pupation takes place in the soil with or without a 

 silken cocoon. 



This rather large family includes some 2,000 spe- 

 cies, many of which ore well known. 



Fig. 530. Bre- 

 phos infans 



Moesch. 



50b. Maxillae seldom more than 3/5 length of wings; if so, then the 



posterior margin of mesothorax with a row of deep pits or entire 



body punctate; 3rd abdominal spiracle never concealed by wings; 



prothoracic femur never exposed; cremaster T-shaped. 



Family NOTODONTIDAE 



188 



