HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS 



13b. Antennae pedunculate, usually well developed; ventral surface 

 of head with sclerites contiguous for entire length, not separated 

 widely posteriorly 14 



14a. Abdominal segments not sixbdivided 15 



14b. Abdominal segments subdivided by means of transverse con- 

 strictions Family TIPULIDAE 



15a. (a) Aquatic larvae very slender, tapering towards both ends; 

 without thoracic or anal pseudopods or surface hairs (except about 

 8 at apex of abdomen), (b) Terrestrial larvae sioUt, with well-de- 

 fined segments which are armed with strong bristles, some of 

 which are lanceolate; pseudopods present. 

 Fig. 545 Family CERATOPOGONIDAE 



The members of this fam- 

 ily are called biting midges, 

 punkies, or sand flies. Their 

 larvae are aquatic, semi- 

 \^ \\/\\/C\\^\i}\)/ ' aquatic or terrestrial. The 



oV^Si^/l^SiJC^ latter live in moist himius 



^^'u^l (IaI y AI I 1 \I N 4)F1^ ^°^^ °^ under bark. The 



mJ^"^^^?^^^ aquatic species inhabit var- 



\^-^ ** ious types of water includ- 



Fig. 545. Forcipomyia specuiaris Coq. ing seashore and salt lokes. 



The adults suck blood from 

 other insects and mammals. 

 Some species ore the vectors 

 of filaria worms. 

 15b. Larvae rarely very slender, generally of an almost xmiform thick- 

 ness, rarely with the thoracic segments appreciable swollen but 

 not fused; abdominal and thoracic segments frequently with 

 rather noticeable soft hairs, the last segment almost invariably 

 with a conspicuous tuft of hairs on dorsum near apex; pseudo- 

 pods almost always present, sometimes (very rare) only the 

 thoracic one distingmshable in terrestrial forms. 



Fig. 546 Family CHIRONOMIDAE 



Around 2,000 species of the 

 midges have been described. The 

 larvae are aquatic or terrestrial. 

 The aquatic species live in var- 

 ious types of water including salt 

 lakes and ORpn sea. Some feed on 

 the water surface, others make 

 Fig. 546. Comptoeiadius byssiniu. s^^^®^ cases and attach to rocks 



or other objects on the bottom or 

 in mud. The blood worms are red 

 colored larvae. The terrestrial 

 species live in dung, fungi, mos- 

 ses and decaying vegetation. 



194 



