HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS 



9a. Pupa in a pocket-shaped or slipper-shaped cocoon consisting of 

 coarse threads, thoracic respiratory organ projecting from the wide 

 open end. Fig. 563 Family SIMULIIDAE 



Pupation takes place in the pocket-like co- 

 coon which is made by the larva. The res- 

 piratory organs are tube-Uke filaments which 

 protrude from the cocoon. 



Fig. 563. Simu- 

 lium venustum 



Say, pupa and 

 cocoon. 



9b. Pupa free, or if enclosed or partly so the cocoon is not pocket- 

 like and respiratory organs do not consist of tube-like filaments.. 10 



10a. Pupa when seen from above oval in outline; the abdominal base 

 not conspicuously narrower than thorax, so that the lateral out- 

 line is continuous; dorsal surface with strong integument 11 



Pupa with abdomen well differenciated from thorax; the dorsum 

 membranous, or if strong and almost sclerotized, then surface 



with well developed spines 12 



Thoracic respiratory organs lamelliform, consisting of 4 flat 



plates, the broad sides of which are contiguous. 



Fig. 564 Family BLEPHAROCERATIDAE 



Pupation takes place in the 

 place occupied by the larvae 

 often results in large numbers 

 of individuals being produced. 



10b. 



11a. 



Fig. 564. Bibiocephala sp. 



lib. Thoracic respiratory organs simple, tube-like. 



Fig. 565 Family PSYCHODIDAE 



Pupation takes place in the same habitat as that of 

 the larvae. The pupa usually carries the larval ex- 

 uviae at its caudal end. 



Fig. 565. Psy- 

 choda superbo 



Banks. 



203 



