HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS 



20a. Thoracic respiratory organs long, bifid; apical abdominal seg- 

 ment rounded, without processes; abdominal spiracles peduncu- 

 late. Fig. 569 , Family SCATOPSIDAE 



The biology of the pupae of this family is not 

 known. 



Fig. 569. Rheg- 

 moclema atrato 

 Say. 



20b. Thoracic respiratory organs simple; apical abdominal segment 

 not rounded, generally armed with protuberances. 

 Fig. 570 FamUy TIPULIDAE 



Pupation takes place at the 

 similar situation as the larval. 



Fiq. 570. Pochyrrhina ferruginea Fab. 



21a. Pupa enclosed within larval skin. 



Fig. 571 Family STRATIOMYIIDAE 



Pupation takes place in soil or under debris 

 near the place where the larvae live. 



The family numbers more than 1,000 species. 

 The eggs are variously placed in mud, water or 

 waste materials. 



Fig. 571. Neopoehy- 

 gaster maculicornis 



nine. 



21b. ^ispa free. 



22 



206 



