CONTENTS 



CHAPTER XI 



Greenland— War of extermination improbable— Ivar Bardsson on the 

 Western Settlement— Eskimo attack in 1379— Bjorn Jorsalafarer's 

 account, 1 385-1 387— Papal letter of 1448 on an Eskimo attack— Es- 

 kimo legends of fighting with Norsemen— Unwarlike disposition of 

 the Eskimo— No tradition of a war of extermination can be proved— 

 Last known voyage to the Eastern Settlement— Trade with Norway's 

 tributary countries — Possibility of voyages to Greenland in the 15th 

 century (?)— Papal letter on Greenland, 1492— Pining's possible voy- 

 ages to Greenland— A new document on Pining— Johannes Scolvus's 

 voyage to Greenland — Pining, Pothorst and Scolvus on the same 

 voyage. 



CHAPTER XII 



Expeditions of the Norwegians to the White Sea, Voyages in 



THE Polar Sea. Whaling and Sealing • 13S 



Expeditions to the White Sea— Harold Grafeld's expedition to the 

 Dvina— Trollebotten— Thore Hund's expedition to Bjarmeland— Ex- 

 pedition to Bjarmeland, 121 7— Expedition to Bjarmeland, 1222— 

 Warlike and peaceful relations with the White Sea in the twelfth 

 century and later — Early connection of the Bjarmas with southern 

 civilization— The Frisian nobles' Polar expedition— King Harold's 

 voyage to the maelstrom — Whirlpool — Maelstrom among the Irish — 

 Maelstrom in Norway; the Moskenstrom — Possible truth in Harold's 

 ocean voyage — The Norwegians as whalers — Harpoon-fishing in the 

 Mediterranean in antiquity — Albertus Magnus on walrus-hunting — 

 Hunting expeditions of the Norwegians eastward and northward in 

 the Polar Sea— Saxo Grammaticus's Farther Bjarmeland— Discovery 

 of Svalbard- Svalbard probably Spitzbergen— The Russians* arctic 

 sealing a continuation of the Norwegians' — Russians and Lapps 

 learned walrus-hunting from the Norwegians — Mention of white 

 bears in Norway — Decline of the Norwegians' sea-hunting— Decline 

 of Norwegian navigation. 



CHAPTER XIII 



The North in maps and Geographical Works of the Middle 



AGES 182 



Oldest mediaeval maps— The wheel-map type— The Beatus map— 

 Sallust-maps— The North on known wheel-maps of the Middle Ages 

 — Higden's work and the Geographia Universalis— The Cottoniana 

 map — Macrobius's zone-maps — The Arabs' many connections — The 

 Arabs' sense for geography — The Arabs' connection with the North 

 Ibn Khordadbah, A.D. 885— Ibn al-Faqih, 900 A.D.— Ibn al-Bahlul, 

 910 A.D.— Qodama— Ibn Ruste, 912 A.D.— Al-Mas'udi, before 950 

 A.D.— Al-Biruni, 1030 A.D.— Al-Gazal's voyage to the Magus— Al- 



