IN NORTHERN MISTS 



the map, and the Mediterranean (Mare magnum), which forms 

 the stem of the T, pointing down (cf. Vol. I, p. 150). The cross- 

 stroke of the T was formed by the rivers Tanais (with the Black 

 Sea) and Nile. In the band of ocean surrounding the disc of the 

 earth the oceanic islands were distributed more or less according 

 to taste, and as there happened to be room. Thus in the version 

 of the Beatus map here given, from Osma, in Spain (of 1203), 



Northern Europe on the Hereford map (circa 1280) 



Scandinavia appears as an island (" Scada insula ") by the 

 North Pole, as in the Ravenna geographer (cf. the map, Vol. I, 

 p. 152), and the " Orcades " (the Orkneys), and "Gorgades" 

 (the fabulous islands of the Greeks to the west of Africa) are 

 placed on the north-east of Asia. The so-called " Sallust " maps, 

 drawn up from Sallust's description of the world in the " Bellum 

 Jugurthinum" [cf. K. Miller, iii., 1895, pp. no f.] were an- 

 other type of very formal wheel-maps that were still current in 

 the fourteenth century. 

 186 



