IN NORTHERN MISTS 



" Scandinavia insula " and " Norwegia " are also shown as 

 islands. Many fabulous countries, such as " Iperboria " (the 

 land of the Hyperboreans), " Arumphei " (on the Psalter map, 

 i.e., the land of the Arimphaeans, cf. Vol. I, p. 88), etc., 

 appear as peninsulas or islands in the northern regions on 

 several of these maps; on the other hand, neither Green- 

 land nor Wineland occurs on any of them. 



Ranulph Higden's map of the v^rorld, vi^hich accompanied 

 his already mentioned work, " Polychronicon " (of the first 

 part of the fourteenth century), is more fettered by the scheme 



Northern 



Europe on the Lambert map at Ghent (before 1125) 



of the wheel-maps in the form of the outer coast-line and of 

 the islands. He took his vows in 1299, was a monk of St. 

 Werburg's Abbey at Chester, and died at a great age in 1363. 

 Various reproductions of his map are known, but they display 

 little sense of realistic representation. " Scandinavia " is 

 placed in Asia on the Black Sea, together with the Amazons 

 and Massagetae, and to the north of it " Gothia " (Sweden?). 

 Islands in the ocean off the coast of northern Europe are called 

 "Norwegia," " Islandia," " Witland " (or "Wineland," etc.), 

 with "gens ydolatra," "Tile" (Thule) and " Dacia " (Den- 

 mark) with " gens bellicosa " somewhere near the North Pole. 

 In spite of this representation on the map, the " Polychronicon " 

 (cf, above, p. 31) contains various statements about the 

 North, which may point to a certain communication with it, or 

 may be echoes of Northern writers. Higden to a large extent 

 copied an earlier work, the " Geographia Universalis," a sort 



