PREFACE 



The Salamander is well known to all students of Zoology as the 

 animal most commonly dissected to exemplify the structure of the 

 Amphibia Urodela. Notwithstanding its general use for teaching 

 purposes, the accounts of the anatomy of this animal available in 

 text-books are out of date, and even, in some respects, seriously 

 misleading. It was with a view to closing this gap in our knowledge 

 that the present work was undertaken. Its intention is to provide 

 a general account of the anatomy and morphology of a tailed Amphi- 

 bian — the Salamander, which shall, within limits, be comparable 

 with the work of Ecker and Gaupp on its ecaudate relative — the 

 Frog. 



In the main the gross anatomy only has been dealt with, histology 

 and embryology being excluded. The practical work has been 

 carried out under a Zeiss binocular dissecting microscope, using 

 magnifications of x 7-5, and x 20 for the finer details, supplemented 

 by a microscopic examination of microtome sections where necessary. 

 Any special methods used for the elucidation of particular systems, 

 e.g. the lymphatic system, are dealt with in the text. All figures are 

 original and have been specially drawn for this work by the author, 

 with the following exceptions: Text-figures i, 2, and 3 are taken 

 from Willem (1923), Figs. 6^, 66, and 67 have been redrawn (with 

 Prof. Hoyer's kind permission) from Hoyer and Udziela, Fig. 53 is 

 after Luther, and Fig. 82 has been modified from Bruner. I am 

 further indebted to Mr. E. G. Boulenger and the Publication 

 Committee of the Zoological Society of London for permission to 

 reproduce the coloured plate appearing as the Frontispiece. 



Although this work will probably make its greatest appeal to the 

 teacher and advanced student, the requirements of the general stu- 

 dent are provided for by means of summaries to the more specialized 

 sections, and in the planning of the figures illustrating the more 

 important systems, e.g. blood-vessels and cranial nerves. To meet 

 the needs of the research worker and comparative anatomist an 

 attempt has been made to collate as far as possible all the important 

 literature dealing with each subject under review, and to give, when- 

 ever possible, tables of the synonyms used by previous authors, 

 together with the dates and full details of the papers in question. 



The Bibliography has been compiled with some care, and includes 

 not only those publications which have direct reference to the subject- 



