THE SKELETON 37 



Hypo-branchial I + Cerato-branchial I = Epi-branchial I, Parker. 



Hypo-branchial II = Cerato-branchial II, Parker. 



Copula = Basi-hyal, Duges; Basi-branchial I, Wiedersheim, Parker. 



Radials = Corne stylo'idienne, Duges; Kleine Horner, Wiedersheim. 



Anterior pair only = Hypo-hyal, Parker. 



Posterior „ = Cerato-branchial I, Parker. 



Os Triangulare = Os thyroideum, v. Siebold, Duges, Walter, Wiedersheim. 



= Sternum, Funk. 



= Basi-branchial II, Parker. 



= Os triquetum, Driiner. 



THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 



I. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND FORE-LIMB. (PI. IV and PI. VII, 



figs. 39-42.) 



I. The Pectoral Girdle. (Figs. 20 and 21.) 



Each half of the shoulder-girdle of the Salamander is best re- 

 garded as a single skeletal element which is incompletely divided into 

 three regions, rather than as an aggregate of three fused elements. 

 The major portion remains cartilaginous, the only bone present being 

 in the neighbourhood of the glenoid cavity. 



The glenoid cavity (gl.) is ovoid in shape, and is guarded by pro- 

 minent faceted lips on the pro-coracoid and coracoid borders. Its 

 periphery is largely ossified except at the post-axial border. 



(a) The Scapular region (Engler, 1929). 



Scapula et adscapulum ...... Duges (1834) 



pars Scapularis ...... Stannius (1854-6) 



Scapula et suprascapulare Gegenbaur (1865); Wiedersheim (1892) 

 Scapula et suprascapulare . Parker (1868); Hoffmann (1873-8) 



Scapulum et episcapulum .... Sabatier (1880) 



Scapulum ....... Perrin (1899, &c.) 



The scapular region forms the dorso-lateral portion of the girdle and 

 comprises first a proximal osseous portion which is the scapula proper 

 (o.sc), and secondly a distal cartilaginous plate forming the supra- 

 scapula (c.s.sc). The whole structure is fan-shaped and is curved in 

 a dorso-ventral direction, so that the convexity is outwards. The 

 scapula is elliptical in section and expands only slightly towards its 

 distal border, where it merges into the supra-scapula. This latter 

 portion expands into a broad fan, comparatively thick at its ventral 

 border, but thinning out very considerably dorsally. It is attached to 

 the axial skeleton by the MM. thoraci-scapularis and opercularis, as 

 well as by connective tissue which extends over the M. dorsalis trunci 

 to the neural spines of the second and third vertebrae. The scapula 



