IV 

 THE MUSCLES 



General Literature. 

 Most of our modern knowledge of the muscles of the Salamander 

 is due to the work of specialists who, taking some small part of the 

 body, have endeavoured to work out the comparative morphology 

 of the muscles concerned throughout the vertebrate series. Never- 

 theless a few of the earlier workers have described the chief muscles 

 in a general sort of way, naming them according to their position, or 

 to their apparent resemblance to a muscle in the human body. Thus 

 Funk (1827) gives quite a passable account of all the principal 

 muscles, and a year later Carus (1828) also described and figured 

 them very well indeed. Duges (1834) names and figures a large 

 number, but his text is so scanty that it is frequently impossible to be 

 sure of the identity of the muscle concerned. In 1852 Rymer Jones, 

 in his article on 'Reptilia' in Todd's Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and 

 Physiology^ gives two figures of the muscles of Salamandra (taken 

 from Carus without acknowledgement) and describes the principal 

 muscles. Some idea of the extent of the work of these authors may 

 be obtained from the lists of synonyms preceding the account of 

 each muscle described below. The endeavour has been made to get 

 these lists as complete as possible, and in addition to the names 

 actually applied to the muscles of Salamandra itself those given to 

 the homologous muscles of Cryptobranchus by Humphry, Schmidt, 

 Goddard and van de Hoeven, and by Osawa, have also been 

 appended for comparative purposes. The figures reproduced in 

 Owen's text-book, although credited to Funk by Owen, do not 

 occur in Funk's monograph but are due to Carus (1828). 



A review of the more specialized literature precedes the anatomical 

 description in each of the subsequent sections. 



MUSCLES OF THE HEAD 

 I. Historical. 



Rusconi (i 854) gives a very good account of the visceral muscles 

 and of the changes which they undergo during metamorphosis. His 

 work is general rather than detailed, as would be expected from its 

 date. In 1887 Walter also gives a good account of the visceral 



