Owen ( 1 866). 



Plessen & Rabinowicz (1891). 



Lubosch (19 14). 



. Luther (1914). 



52 THE SALAMANDER 



This muscle Is divided by all modern authors Into three main 

 sections which are named according to their position relative to the 

 mandibular branch of the Vth nerve. 



M. levator mandihulae anterior (Edgeworth). 



Temporalis v. Siebold (1828); Cuvier (1835); Fischer (1843); 



Schmidt, Goddard, and van d. Hoeven (1864); 



Mivart (1869); Druner (1901); Coghill (1901-6); 



Osawa (1902) 

 Post-orbito-coronoidien et Atlanto-corono'idien . . Duges (1834). 



Pterygoidien Rusconi (1854). 



Atlanto-mandibularis 

 Pterygo-temporalis 

 Cranio-mandibularis (partim) . 

 Adductor mandibulae internus 



This muscle lies wholly mesial to the mandibular branch of the 

 trigeminal nerve (V3). It is divisible into two distinct portions, 

 and most modern authors have thus distinguished a superficial and 

 a deep layer. 



M. levator mandihulae anterior {superficial portion) (Edgeworth). 



Temporalis (3rd portion) Funk (1827); Cuvier (1835); Fischer (1843); 

 Lubosch (19 1 4). 



Crotaphite Rusconi (1854). 



Pseudo-temporalis ...... Luther (19 14). 



This is a long, narrow, conical muscle which arises partly from the 

 lateral border of the parietal^ and partly from the dorsal fascia that 

 extends from the skull to the neural spine of the first vertebra, but 

 mainly from a strong raphe which passes from the neural spine of the 

 first vertebra through the centre of the muscle, the fibres arising 

 from either side of it, forming a pinnate structure. The muscle 

 crosses dorsally over the skull in the otic region, and then turns 

 downwards in front of the ear capsule almost at right angles, and 

 passes into a strong tendon which is inserted in the coronoid process 

 of the pre-articular element of the lower jaw. 



M. levator mandibulae anterior {deep portion) (Edgeworth). 



Frontales Funk (1827). 



Pterygoideus Cuvier (1835); Fischer (1843); Owen (1866); Druner 



(1901); Lubosch (1914); Luther (1914). 



Pterygoidien Rusconi (1854). 



Pterygo-maxillaris ...... Hoffmann (1873-8). 



A short, fan-shaped, almost vertical muscle. Its fibres arise from the 

 lateral borders of the frontal and parietal elements of the skull and 



