6o THE SALAMANDER 



by the same nerve, whereas in Salamandra the M. subhyoldeus is 

 innervated by the seventh cranial nerve. To add to the confusion, 

 Elizabeth Szamoylenko (1904) in describing the hyobranchial 

 muscles of the adult Spelerpes states that the M. genio-hyoideus 

 lateralis is innervated by the N. glossopharyngeus in both Spelerpes 

 and Salamandra — which is wrong for the latter animal at least — 

 with the addition in the former of fibres from NN. spinales i, 2, 

 and 3. 



In the face of this conflicting evidence it is not possible to give 

 a decisive verdict without a complete re-investigation of the develop- 

 ment of the muscles concerned in both Salamandra and Spelerpes — 

 an undertaking beyond the scope of the present work. In the mean- 

 time a non-committal name (which has been used by Druner for what 

 appears to be the homologous muscle in Ellipsoglossa) has been 

 adopted, and it may be suggested that, in Salamandra, the muscle 

 is most probably a true interhyoideus, and is not homologous with the 

 muscle occupying a similar topographical position in Spelerpes. 



Innervation'. From R. jugularis VII by means of very fine fibres 

 which enter the muscle on its ventral aspect after penetrating the 

 M. interhyoideus. 



Function: The contraction of the muscle pulls the dorsal end of the 

 cerato-hyal antero-ventrally, thus causing the cartilage to tip, and so 

 force the anterior end thereof, with its overlying tongue, to move 

 antero-dorsally. It is thus the elevator of the tongue. 



5. Muscles supplied by the Ninth and Tenth Nerves. 



M. subarcualis rectus i (Edgeworth) (m.s.r. i). 



Cerato-glossi-interni ...... Funk (1827). 



Alter (M. OS hyoides protrahens) (15) . . . Cams (1828). 



Ceratoglossus v. Siebold (1828). 



Pre-stylo-prebranchial Duges (1834). 



Cerato-hyoideus intemus Fischer ( 1 843) ; Mivart ( 1 869) ; Hoffmann 



(1873-8); Walter (1887); Druner (1901). 



Protracteur de la corne hyoVdienne posterieure . . Rusconi (1854). 



Cerato-hyoideus Stannius (1854-6). 



Cerato-hyoideus externus Osawa (1902). 



This muscle is very similar in appearance to the M. subhyoideus, 

 since it bears the same relation to the cerato-branchial i as does that 

 muscle to the cerato-hyal. It arises from the dorsal side of the 

 posterior end of the first cerato-branchial cartilage by means of a 

 pinnate raphe, from which the fibres radiate around the end of the 

 cartilage so as to enclose it in a muscular cup. This cup is more 



