70 THE SALAMANDER 



account was followed some five years later by the more extensive 

 and even better known work of Fiirbringer (1873). Although 

 Fiirbringer's work is more extensive as regards the range of types 

 studied, it is more limited than Riidinger's in respect of the area 

 investigated, since Fiirbringer does not deal with the muscles of the 

 fore-arm and hand. Nevertheless his work shows a considerable 

 advance over that of previous authors in that he deals with the nerves 

 as well as the muscles, and it represents the real starting-point of all 

 subsequent investigations. Both his text and his figures are reproduced 

 by Hoffmann (1873-8). In 1895 Eisler published a long treatise on 

 the homology of the muscles of the tetrapod extremities. His work is 

 not of great importance so far as the Salamander itself is concerned, 

 but is fundamental with regard to the wider question of muscle mor- 

 phology. The next worker of note is Perrin (189 3-9), who has made 

 a detailed study of the muscles of both fore- and hind-limbs in the 

 Amphibia, both Anura and Urodela, Salamandra being taken as 

 the main type of the latter. He makes a useful comparison between 

 the muscles of the anterior and posterior limbs, but his work suffers 

 from the rather serious defect that he has not studied the nerves in 

 conjunction with the muscles, and hence his groupings are some- 

 times a little unfortunate. The work of McMurrich ( 1 903), although 

 not of specific importance so far as Salamandra is concerned,- is 

 nevertheless relevant from a phylogenetic point of view. His con- 

 clusions are discussed in the text. A comparative account of the 

 extensor muscles and their nerves in both fore- and hind-limbs of 

 Urodeles was given by Sieglbaur in 1 904, but no mention is made 

 of the condition on the flexor side of the limbs. The muscles and 

 nerves of the distal portions of the limbs of Amphibia, Reptiles, and 

 Mammals have been adequately dealt with by Ribbing (1907—9). 

 His account is clear and critical, and both his terminology and 

 grouping have been adopted here. More recently (1924) Hellen 

 Rylkoff has studied the development of the shoulder-muscles of 

 Salamandra and finds that they are divisible into two main groups, 

 namely, the primary shoulder muscles which develop/ro;^ the humerus 

 towards the shoulder-girdle, and the secondary shoulder muscles which 

 develop centrijugally towards the limb. The former group is again 

 divisible into a dorsal and a ventral group. The dorsal primary 

 group comprises the M. anconaeus, the M. dorso-humeralis,^ the 

 M. dorsalis scapulae, and the dorsal part of the M. procoraco-humer- 

 alis, while the ventral primary group consists of the M. humero- 



' The names here given are those used in this work; RylkofF's synonyms may be 

 found by consulting the lists preceding the description of each muscle. 



