loo THE SALAMANDER 



origin and converges rapidly while passing under the pelvic girdle to 

 form a narrower, thicker muscle which tapers only slightly while 

 passing down the thigh. Anteriorly it has a tough fibrous connexion 

 with the M. pubo-tibialis, while at its posterior border it receives 

 the M. caudali-pubo-ischio-tibialis which is inserted into it by 

 means of a tendon at about the level of the proximal end of the femur. 

 This is an excellent example of the rare phenomenon of one muscle 

 being inserted into another, the fibres of the two muscles being 

 approximately at right angles. 



Innervation: From the N. ischiadicus ventralis which passes 

 between this muscle and the M. pub. isch. fem. ext. The fibres 

 enter the muscle from the dorsal side. 



Function: It either serves to flex the knee, or, if the extensor 

 muscles are antagonistic, the flexion would occur at the hip and it 

 would depress the foot towards the ground. 



M. pubo-tibialis (m.p.t.). de Man (1873); Hoffmann (1873-8). 



Vastus Funk (1827). 



Carus(i82»j. 

 . Meckel (1828). 

 • Duges(i834}. 

 Stannius (1854-6). 

 . Owen (1866). 

 Mivart (1869); Eisler (1895). 



Anticus cruris protractor (34) 



Grosster Beuger 



Pubo-sous-tibial 



Gracilis .... 



Protractor or flexor of the thigh 



Sartorius .... 



Gracilis part of the superficial stratum of the plantar muscles 



Humphry (1872). 

 Adducteur du tibia (106-8) ..... Perrin (1892). 



This muscle has a tendinous origin from the antero-ventral edge of 

 the pelvic girdle, i.e. from the pubic cartilage, in front of the obtura- 

 tor foramen. It passes along the antero-ventral border of the thigh 

 and is inserted on the anterior face of the proximal end of the tibia, 

 close to the M. pub. isch. tib. It is a narrow muscle, more or less 

 oval in cross-section, and of medium strength. 



Innervation : From N. ischiadicus ventralis. 



Function: It serves mainly to adduct the limb, i.e. to draw it 

 towards the body, but it also has a slight flexor action on the knee- 

 joint. 



M. ischio-flexorius (m.is.f.). de Man (1873); Eisler (1895); Osawa 

 (1902); Low (1926). 



Plantae pedis (38) Carus (1828). 



Langer, starker Beuger ...... Meckel (1828). 



Flexor of the leg ...... Rymer Jones (1852). 



