I02 THE SALAMANDER 



Innervation: Pars propria is supplied from N. ischiadicus ventralis 

 and pars plantaris from N. sciaticus. 



Function : It is an auxiliary flexor of the knee-joint, and, by virtue 

 of its insertion into the plantar aponeurosis, of the toes also. 



M. caudali-puho-ischio-tihialis (m.c.p.i.t.). de Man (1873) ; Hoffmann 

 (1873-8); Low (1926). 



Parvus cruris retractor (37) ..... Carus (1828) 



Subcaudalis .... Meckel (1828); Stannius (1854-6) 



Coccy-sous-femoral ...... Duges (1834) 



A long muscular slip ..... Rymer Jones (1852) 



Semimembranosus ....... Mivart (1869) 



Caudo-crural ...... Humphry (1872) 



Deducteur caudal inferieur de la cuisse (112) . . Perrin (1892) 



Caudali-pubo-ischiadicus ..... Osawa (1902) 



Together with M. caudali-femoralis = 



Caudofemoralis ...... Appleton (1928). 



This is the middle member of the three ventral caudal muscles which 

 separate from the general subvertebral muscle mass of the tail at the 

 level of the first haemal-arch (fourth caudal vertebra). They may in 

 fact be regarded as arising from this bone, and from the transverse 

 processes of the vertebra. The other two muscles of this series are 

 the M. ischio-caudalis, on its mesial side, and the M. caudali- 

 femoralis lateral to it. The unusual character of its insertion has 

 already been mentioned, namely, by means of a flat tendon into the 

 posterior edge of the M. pub. isch. tib. The direction of its fibres is 

 almost at right angles to those of the latter muscle. 



Innervation-. From N. pudendus. 



Function: Its main function must be to flex the tail. Whether it has 

 any action on the limb is doubtful. 



M. ischio-caudalis. Hofi^mann (1873-8); Osawa (1902); Low (1926). 

 Caudae flexor (43) ...... Carus (1828). 



Flexor of the tail ...... Rymer Jones (1852). 



Ischio-caudal . . . Mivart (1869); Humphry (1872). 



Forming the most mesial of the three muscles arising from the fourth 

 caudal vertebra, as above described, it passes directly forwards 

 between the M. caud. pub. isch. tib. and the cloaca, and is inserted 

 on the posterior border of the ischium. It is a flat, ribbon-like 

 muscle, and, in the male, it passes between the dorsal and ventral 

 portions of the cloacal gland. 



Innervation : From N. pudendus. 



Function: It is a flexor of the tail. Together with the former 



