156 THE SALAMANDER 



pulmonary artery down the side of the lung and ramifies over its 



surface with the arterial branches. 



(ii) The anterior ■pulmonary nerve (n.pul.a.) passes mesially and 

 ramifies over the anterior end of the lung and the muscle-fibres of 

 that region. It passes to the point where the pulmonary vein leaves 

 the lung on the mesial side, and there gives off two branches. 



{a) One or raoro. posterior cardiac nerves (n.c.p.) which accompany 

 the pulmonary vein to the heart. 



{h) "Wit gastric ;/(?r^'^(n. gas.) which proceeds posteriorly for some dis- 

 tance, lateral to the lung, and then turns mesially and divides into two. 



(i) A ventral gastric branch (n.g.v.) distributed to the ventro-lateral 

 stomach wall, and 



(ii) A dorsal gastric branch (n.g.d.) supplying the dorso-lateral wall. 



SPINO-OCCIPITAL NERVES (PI. X, fig. 54, n.sp.occ.) 



Driiner (Teil i, p. 553 et seq.) describes a fine anastomosis leaving 

 the ventral side of the glossopharyngeal vagus ganglion and passing 

 round the occipital condyles laterally to join the ventral ramus of 

 the first spinal nerve. He considers it is probably the homologue of 

 the spino-occipital nerves of Selachians and Holocephali described 

 by Fiirbringer (1896). 



His results have been confirmed for Salamandra (n.sp.occ.) and 

 a nerve has been found leaving the IX+X ganglion close to 

 the branch just described which fuses with the dorsal ramus of 

 the N. spin, i, within the M. intertransversarius capitis superior 

 (n.sp.occ'). Driiner mentions this connexion as a rare occurrence. 

 It is very fine and difficult to dissect so that it is easily missed. 



These nerves may represent the ventral roots belonging to seg- 

 ments which have become fused together in the occipital region of 

 the skull posterior to the vagus, but Druner was not able to satisfy 

 himself entirely on this point as he could not trace their centres of 

 origin in the medulla. In this connexion reference should be made 

 to the more recent work of Goodrich (191 1) and of de Beer (1926) 

 on the segmentation of the vertebrate skull in general. 



SPINAL NERVES 

 I. Historical. 



Most authors who have described the cranial nerves, e.g. 

 Fischer, von Plessen and Rabinowicz, Druner, and Hoffmann, 

 have included the first spinal nerve in their account, since it sup- 

 plies certain muscles connected with the hyobranchial apparatus 

 and tongue. Details of the discussion relating to the morpholo- 



