286 THE SALAMANDER 



kidney. These are the vasa efferentia (va.eff.). They do not connect 

 directly with the kidney tubules but enter a fine longitudinal duct 

 which passes right along the mesial edge of the sexual kidney, and 

 very close to it. This duct is in turn connected by a number of very 

 short transverse tubes with the kidney tubules. The longitudinal 

 collecting duct was first described by Bidder (1846) and is conse- 

 quently called Bidder s duct (d.Bd.). According to Spengel the 

 vasa efferentia are not ciliated, neither is Bidder's duct nor the con- 

 nexions with the kidney tubules. The connecting ducts join the 

 Bowman's capsules of the kidney at the pole opposite to that from 

 which the uriniferous tubule leaves. As mentioned above some traces 

 of this system may be found in the female, where of course it is 

 functionless. 



4. The Fat-body. 



Th.Q fat-bodies (ft.b.) present no essential difference from those of 

 the female {q-'V.). They are suspended from the mesorchia meso- 

 dorsal to the testes. 



5. The Cloaca and its Glands. 



The cloaca of the male is very different from that of the female, and 

 serves as a ready means for identifying the sexes by external char- 

 acters, since, in the male, the cloaca is surrounded by a large tubular 

 gland which gives its lips a tumid and swollen appearance, while in 

 the female, where the gland is absent, the opening of the cloaca lies 

 flush with the surrounding skin. The histology of the gland in Triton 

 has been well described by Heidenhain (1890), but it is not easy to 

 correlate his results with the condition in Salamandra, except in a 

 very general way. The cavity of the cloaca is not quite a simple 

 chamber, but is subdivided by infoldings of the wall. Of the diverti- 

 cula thus produced the most pronounced are a pair of lateral grooves 

 which run in an antero-posterior direction inclined slightly dorso- 

 ventrally. They are somewhat L-shaped in transverse section, and 

 their anterior extremities are expanded into small chambers in which 

 the urino-genital papillae lie. There is further a small ridge-like pro- 

 jection from the antero-ventral wall of the cloacal chamber which may 

 be called the cloacal papilla (pap.cl.) (it has sometimes been called 

 the penis^ but this is a misnomer). It may easily be seen, together 

 with the lateral grooves, by pulling apart the lips of the external open- 

 ing. The external lips of the cloaca are furrowed by a series (about 

 1 5) of elongated pits, while the whole surface of the lateral walls of 

 the chamber, especially ventral to the lateral groove, is thrown into 



