288 THE SALAMANDER 



connexion between the ureters and the bladder, the actual distance 

 separating their openings is very small, and the urine, assisted by 

 gravity, would quite naturally tend to flow into the relaxed bladder. 

 The neck of the bladder, the posterior end of the rectum, and the 

 anterior end of the cloaca are, in both sexes, surrounded by a strong 

 fibrous sheath (fbr.sh.), containing smooth muscle elements, which 

 is attached dorsally to the vertebral column and ventrally to the pubo- 

 ischiadic symphysis. 



The function of the glands surrounding the cloaca is to secrete 

 mucoid spermatophores which envelop the sperms when they are 

 shed by the male in copulation (see also p. 5). The older anato- 

 mists referred to the glands as the 'penis', but they are neither mor- 

 phologically nor functionally to be compared with this organ. Leydig 

 (1892) and others have sought to homologize the glands with the 

 prostate of Mammals. Certainly there is some functional similarity, 

 but an actual homology is doubtful. The cloacal opening, and indeed 

 the whole gland, is surrounded by smooth muscles so that the tubules 

 may be adequately compressed when their secretion is required. 



6. The Urinary Bladder. 



The urinary bladder presents no essential difference from that of 

 the female (p. 282). 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SECTION IX 



51, 107, 127, 128, 136, 153, 157, 158, 159. 180, 182, 183, 184, 190, 209, 

 210, 238, 268, 290, 296, 321, 334, 358, 373, 412, 416, 419, 420, 424, 469, 

 470, 471, 472, 473, 513, 514, 526, 586, 587, 588, 592, 594, 595, 598, 602, 

 614, 616, 669, 687, 702, 704, 709, 735, 753, 754, 802, 803, 819, 826. 



