192 PUPILLIDAE AND RELATED GROUPS. 



2. Penis without appendix ; shell endodontoid (more like b) . 



c. Appendicular penial arm vestigial; prostate and 

 spermatheca short Pyramidulinae. 



d. Penis short and simple; epiphallus strong with 

 prominent papilla ; prostate and spermatheca longer 



Pleurodiscinae. 



B. PuPiLLiNAE ( ? ) ; shell more pupif orm, usually with pupil- 

 loid teeth (vol. 24, p. vii) ; radula as in A; penis usually 

 strong ; inferior tentacles usually present. 



3. Oviducal cul-de-sac absent; prostate very short; penis 

 and retractor bifid, although epiphallar arm weakly 

 demarcated ; shell with few or extravagantly developed 

 teeth Pupillinae. 



4. Oviducal cul-de-sac short; prostate long; penial retrac- 

 tor (at least) undivided; penis with modified apex 

 prolonged beyond epiphallar entrance ; shell with angu- 

 lar lamella (when present) short Orculinae. 



5. Oviducal cul-de-sac long; prostate fairly long; penis 

 and retractor undivided, with epiphallar entrance near 

 or at apex, which is not modified; shell usually with 

 longer angular lamella Oastrocoptinae. 



C. Vertigininae ( ? ) ; shell as in B, but usually minute with 

 prominent epidermis; radula usually with fundamentally 

 tricuspid teeth and with interstitials prevalent through- 

 out; penis usually weak; prostate very short; inferior 

 tentacles (always ?) obsolete. 



6. Penis with appendix and with bifid retractor 



Nesopupinae. 



7. Penis without appendix and with undivided retractor 



Vertigininae. 

 In the preceding treatment, complexity of male genitalia 

 and lack of shell armature have been considered convergent 

 characters, which are combined in the Valloniinae (sens, lat.), 

 specifically in the groups Valloniinae (s. s.) and Acanthi- 

 nulinae. From this standpoint, simplification of the genitalia 

 is secondary and is usually accompanied by development of 



