PUPILLIDAE AND RELATED GROUPS. 199 



is quite short. Its penis proper appears to be small although 

 heavy, with internal pilasters. Its epiphallus is exceptionally- 

 well developed with a spirally folded basal part and a longer 

 apical region with longitudinal folds ; it opens through a prom- 

 inent penial papUla. Its simple penial retractor inserts on 

 the side of the basal region of the epiphallus. It is ovovivi- 

 parous like Pyramidula. 



PUPILLINAE. 



The anatomical differences between this subfamily and the 

 Valloniinae seem much less striking than those of the shell. 

 Pupilla muscorum (L.) Mgranata {B,ossm.) , alpicola (Charp.), 

 cupa (Jan.) and triplicata (Stud.) have been dissected by 

 Steenberg (1925) and his figures of the genitalia (pi. 30, fig. 

 1) and the jaw (fig. 8) of P. muscorum (L) have been copied. 

 The uterus (ut) is distended with embryos. The spermatheca 

 has a variously shaped sac (rs) and develops a cyclindrical 

 diverticulum (di) which is longer in some of the other species. 

 The penis is bifid; its epiphallar arm (epj is considerably 

 swollen and extends a short distance beyond the entrance of 

 the epiphallus (ep) ; and its appendicular arm (ap) is swollen 

 around the base of its appendix (apa). The bifid penial re- 

 tractor (rp) inserts on the epiphallus and near the apex of 

 the appendicular penial arm. 



The male genitalia of Lauria cylindracea (DaCosta) as 

 figured by Steenberg (1925) are very similar, although the 

 apical caecum of the epiphallar penial arm is better developed 

 (approaching Orcula). On the other hand, its spermatheca 

 is much longer and lacks a diverticulum; in addition, the 

 embryos are said to develop only in the free oviduct. How- 

 ever, I would neither create for it a distinct subfamily nor 

 put in a different family from Orcula on these grounds. 



The anatomy of Agardhia ferrari (Porro) has been de- 

 scribed in detail by Steenberg (1929) and is similar to that 

 of Pupilla. The principal differences are the oviparity of 

 Agardhia, its longer spermathecal diverticulum, its shorter 

 vagina, its larger epiphallus which enters at the apex of the 

 epiphallar penial arm, the very short appendicular and epi- 



